Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 4 - Metabolic Reactions > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Metabolic Reactions Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cellular Metabolism:

A

Sum of all chemical reactions
occurring in a cell; metabolic reactions usually occur in
pathways or cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolic reactions?

A

Anabolism

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anabolism

A

Small molecules are built into larger ones;
requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Catabolism

A

Larger molecules are broken down into
smaller ones; releases energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anabolism provides…?

A

Provides materials for maintenance, cellular growth and repair; requires A T P made during
catabolism; example: Dehydration synthesis:
* Smaller molecules are bound together to form larger ones
* H2O produced in the process
* Used to produce polysaccharides, proteins, triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Catabolism breaks down larger molecules into…?

A

smaller ones; A T P is produced; Example: Hydrolysis:
* Used to decompose carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
* Uses H2O to split the substances
* Reverse of dehydration synthesi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Enzymes (protein catalysts):

A
  • proteins that cause specific reactions
  • Increase rates of chemical reactions
  • Lower the activation energy necessary to start reactions
  • Each enzyme is specific to a particular substrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metabolic Pathways:

A
  • Series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to formation of a product
  • Each new substrate is the product of the previous reaction
  • Each step of a pathway is catalyzed by a different enzyme

example of negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 factors that alter Enzymes?

A

Cofactor

Coenzyme

Denaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cofactor

A
  • Non-protein substance that combines with the enzyme to activate it
  • Some help fold active site into proper conformation
  • Some help bind enzyme to substrate
  • Can be ion, element, or small organic molecule (coenzyme)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Coenzyme

A
  • Organic molecule that acts as cofactor
  • Most are vitamins, which are essential organic molecules that humans
    must get from their diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Denaturation

A
  • Inactivation of an enzyme (or any other protein), due to an irreversible
    change in its conformation
  • Results in enzyme being unable to bind to substrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Energy

A
  • Capacity to change something, or the ability to do work
  • Common forms of energy: Heat, light, sound, electrical
    energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be
    changed from one form to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
  • Process that transfers energy from molecules, and makes
    it available for cellular use
  • Most metabolic reactions use chemical energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Many metabolic processes require…?

A

Chemical energy, which is stored in ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Energy is help in _____ _____ and released when bonds are ______

A

Chemical Bonds
&
Broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Oxidation releases _____ from glucose and other molecules, via loss of ____ _____ and their _____

A

Energy
&
Hydrogen Atoms
&
Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In cells, enzymes lower activation energy needed for
oxidation in reactions of cellular respiration meaning…?

A

Energy is transferred to ATP:
* 40% is released as chemical energy
* 60% is released as heat; maintains body temperature

20
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):

A
  • Molecule that carries energy in a form the cell can use
  • Main energy-carrying molecule in the cell; energy from
    ATP breakdown is used for cellular work
21
Q

ATP consists of what 3 portions?

A

Adenine

Ribose ( a sugar )

3 Phosphates in a chain

  • Second and third phosphates are attached by high-energy
    bonds; energy can be quickly transferred to other
    molecules
22
Q

Cellular Respiration of glucose occurs in 3 interconnected
reaction sequences:

A
  • Glycolysis (anaerobic)
  • 2ATP
  • Citric acid cycle (aerobic)
  • 2ATP
  • Electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation
    (aerobic)
  • 32 – 34 ATP
    Glycolysis and the Electron Transport Chain are stepwise
    reaction sequences
    Citric Acid Cycle occurs in a metabolic cycle in which the
    final product reacts to replenish original substrate
23
Q

Cellular respiration of glucose requires a supply of glucose
and O2. Final products of cellular respiration

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • ATP (chemical energy, 40%)
  • Heat (60%)
24
Q

Cellular Respiration includes 2 types of reactions

A
  • Anaerobic reactions: do not require O2, and make little
    ATP
  • Lactic acid production
  • Aerobic reactions: require O2, and make most of ATP
25
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):

A
  • The genetic material
  • Molecule that stores information on its sequence of
    nucleotides, that instructs a cell to how synthesize certain
    proteins
26
Q

The proteins coded for on DNA function as:

A
  • Enzymes
  • Blood proteins
  • Structural proteins of muscle and connective tissue
  • Antibodies
  • Cell membrane components
27
Q

Double helix:

A
  • Double-stranded molecule, consisting of 2 chains of
    nucleotides
  • DNA resembles ladder twisted into a spiral
  • Backbone of each strand is a sugar-phosphate chain
  • Bases from the 2 complementary strands are linked
    together by hydrogen bonds: C ̶ G, A ̶ T
28
Q

Nucleotides are…?

A

building blocks of DNA

29
Q

Nucleotides consist of…?

A
  • 5-carbon sugar, deoxyribose
  • A phosphate group
  • A nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or
    thymine)
30
Q

2 nucleotide chains of the double helix are…?

A

Antiparallel - point in opposite directions

31
Q

Complementary Base Pairing:

A

Bases pair only with
specific (A ̶ T and C ̶ G)

  • A and G are purines, and C and T are pyrimidines
  • A purine only binds to a specific pyrimidine
  • DNA wraps around histone proteins to give double helix
    a compact form in chromatin and chromosomes
32
Q

A sequence of 3 nucleotides provides…?

A

template for complementary RNA

33
Q

Each unit of 3 RNA nucleotides represents…?

A

Genetic Code

34
Q

Sequence of bases in a gene determines…?

A

the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide

35
Q

Each sequence of 3 nucleotides either represents an…?

A

amino acid or signals to start or stop protein synthesis

36
Q

Protein synthesis involves processes of…?

A

Transcription and Translation

37
Q

Translation

A

Process of converting the genetic code,
carried by mRNA, into a sequence of amino acids that
becomes a protein

38
Q

Each amino acid is specified by a sequence of 3 bases in
DNA, called…?

A

Codons

39
Q

Protein synthesis occurs in…?

A

Cytoplasm

40
Q

mRNA leaves nucleus and binds to ribosome, to act as…?

A

Template for Protein Synthesis

41
Q

At the ribosome, the genetic code, carried by mRNA, is used to…?

A

synthesize a protein

42
Q

Changes in Genetic Information

A

99.9% of human genome sequences are the same among all
people
0.1% of the genome that varies among people includes:
* DNA sequences that affect health
* DNA sequences that affect appearance
* DNA base variations that have no observable effects

43
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in the DNA sequence

Mutations occur when bases are changed, added, or deleted

44
Q

Mutations can be…?

A

Spontaneous: due to insertion of unstable base into DNA
sequence

Induced: due to exposure to mutagens, chemicals, or
radiation that cause mutation

45
Q

Some mutations are not _____ and do not affect _____

A

Harmful
&
Health

46
Q

Many mutations affect health by changing the…?

A

Amino Acid sequence, resulting in nonfunctional or missing protein

Example: Sickle cell disease is caused by a single
nucleotide substitution; this causes production of abnormal
hemoglobin, which causes change in shape of red blood
cells, in low-oxygen conditions, and extreme pain

47
Q

Rarely, a Mutation provides an…?

A

Advantage to Health

Example: A mutation protects some people against HIV;
the receptor to which the virus binds is incomplete

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions