Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 5 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Tissues Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In complex organisms, cells are organized into…?

A

Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tissue

A

group of similar cells with a common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Histology

A

the study of Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 major types of Tissues in the body?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Cover organs and body surface
  • Line cavities and hollow organs
  • Make up glands
  • Have a free surface on outside, and basement membrane on inside
  • Lack blood vessels (avascular), and nutrients diffuse to epithelial
    tissue from underlying connective tissue
  • Cells readily divide; injuries heal rapidly
  • Cells are tightly packed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cell Shapes

A

Squamous - flat
Cuboidal - cube-shaped
Columnar - tall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell Layers

A

simple (one layer of cells), stratified (2 or more layer of cells), or
pseudostratified (appears layered, but is not)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Simple squamous epithelium:

A
  • Single layer of thin, flat cells
  • Substances pass easily through air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
  • Thin and delicate, can be easily damaged
  • Found in diffusion and filtration sites
  • Makes up walls of air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
  • Lines blood and lymphatic vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium:

A
  • Single layer of cube-shaped cells
  • Secretion and absorption
  • Lines kidney tubules, thyroid follicles, ducts of some glands
  • Covers ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Simple columnar epithelium:

A
  • Single layer of elongated cells
  • Nuclei usually at same level, near basement membrane.
  • Sometimes have microvilli, cilia, goblet cells (secrete mucus)
  • Secretion and absorption
  • Lines uterus, stomach, intestines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium:

A
  • Single layer, but appears layered
  • Nuclei at 2 or more levels
  • Cells vary in shape, but all reach basement membrane
  • Often has cilia, goblet cells
  • Protection from infection
  • Lines respiratory passageways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium:

A
  • Many cell layers; thick
  • Protective layer
  • Outermost cells are squamous, deeper cells are cuboidal
  • New cells produced in deep layers, push older cell toward free
    surface
  • Outer layer of skin, called the epidermis, is keratinized
  • Lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium:

A
  • 2 to 3 layers of cube-shaped cells
  • More protection than 1 layer
  • Lines ducts of mammary, sweat, and salivary glands, and
    pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium:

A
  • Several layers of cells
  • Top layer of elongated cells
  • Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
  • Lines part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transitional epithelium(uroepithelium):

A
  • Many cell layers
  • Cube-shaped and elongated cells
  • Changes shape and appearance with increased tension;
    stretches
  • Forms barrier and lining that can expand
  • Lines urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glandular Epithelium:

A

Composed of cells that produce and
secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 types of Glands in the body?

A

Endocrine Glands
&
Exocrine Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete into tissue fluid or blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete into ducts that open onto a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 2 structural types of Exocrine Glands?

A

Unicellular
&
Multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Unicellular

A

Composed of one cell, such as a goblet cell
(secretes mucus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Multicellular

A

Composed of many cells; can be simple or
compound; examples: sweat and salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 types of Glandular Secretion?

A

Merocrine Glands
&
Apocrine Glands
&
Holocrine Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Merocrine glands:

A

Secrete fluid products by exocytosis;
salivary and sweat glands, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Apocrine glands:

A

Lose small part of cell during secretion;
mammary and ceruminous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Holocrine glands:

A

Release entire cells filled with product;
sebaceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

General characteristics of connective tissues:

A
  • Most abundant tissue type by weight
  • Cells are farther apart than epithelial cells
  • Contain abundant extracellular matrix between cells, consisting
    of protein fibers and a ground substance
  • Consistency varies from fluid to solid
  • Categories:
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Specialized connective tissues
  • Most have good blood supply, so are well-nourished
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Functions of connective tissues:

A
  • Bind structures together
  • Provide support and protection
  • Serve as frameworks
  • Fill spaces
  • Store fat
  • Produce blood cells
  • Protect against infections
  • Help repair tissue damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Fibroblasts

A
  • Most common fixed cell
  • Large star-shaped cell
  • Secrete fibers into extracellular matrix
30
Q

Macrophages (Histiocytes):

A
  • Usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander
  • Conduct phagocytosis
  • Defend against infection
31
Q

Mast Cells:

A
  • Large cells, widely distributed
  • Release heparin to prevent blood clotting
  • Release histamine, which causes inflammatory response
32
Q

Fibroblasts produce what 3 fiber types in connective tissue?

A

Collagen FIbers

Elastic (Yellow) Fibers

Reticular Fibers

33
Q

Collagen Fibers

A
  • Thick threads of collagen, the body’s main structural protein
  • Great tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic
  • Found in ligaments and tendons
34
Q

Elastic (Yellow) Fibers:

A
  • Composed of elastin protein; branching
  • Can stretch and return to original shape
  • Not as strong as collagen fibers
  • Found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages
35
Q

Reticular Fibers:

A
  • Thin, branching fibers of collagen
  • Form delicate, supporting networks
  • Found in spleen, liver
36
Q

Connective Tissue Proper:

A
  • Loose connective tissues:
  • Fewer collagen fibers than dense tissues
  • Types: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
  • Dense connective tissues:
  • Contain abundant collagen fibers
  • Types: Dense regular, Dense irregular, Elastic
37
Q

Specialized connective tissues:

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
38
Q

Areolar connective tissue:

A
  • Forms thin, delicate membranes
  • Cells are mainly fibroblasts, in a gel-like ground substance
  • Collagenous and elastic fibers
  • In subcutaneous layer
  • Beneath most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells
39
Q

Adipose tissue (fat):

A
  • Adipocytes store fat
  • Push their nuclei to one side
  • Crowd out other cell types
  • Cushions and insulates
  • Beneath skin (subcutaneous layer), behind eyeballs, around heart and
    kidneys, in spaces between muscles
40
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue:

A
  • Composed of network of thin reticular fibers
  • Supports walls of internal organs
  • Walls of liver, spleen
41
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue:

A
  • Closely packed collagenous fibers
  • Fine network of elastic fibers
  • Most cells are fibroblasts
  • Very strong, withstands pulling
  • Binds body parts together
  • Tendons, ligaments, dermis
  • Poor blood supply; slow to heal
42
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:

A
  • Randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers
  • Can withstand tension exerted from different directions
  • Dermis of skin
  • Around skeletal muscles
43
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue:

A
  • Abundant yellow elastic fibers, and some collagenous fibers
  • Fibroblasts
  • Attachments between bones of spinal column
  • Walls of hollow organs, such as large arteries, airways
  • Parts of heart
  • Elastic quality, stretches
44
Q

Specialized Connective Tissues:

A
  • Cartilage, bone and blood
  • Have unique matrix with specialized cells
45
Q

Cartilage

A
  • A rigid, specialized connective tissue
  • Support, framework, attachments
  • Protection of underlying tissue
  • Models for developing bone
  • Matrix contains collagen in gel-like ground substance
  • Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) in lacunae (chambers), surrounded by
    matrix
  • Lacks blood supply; heals slowly
46
Q

What are the 3 types of Cartilage?

A

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

47
Q

Hyaline cartilage:

A
  • Most common type
  • Fine collagen fibers in matrix
  • Ends of bones in joints, nose, respiratory passages, embryonic
    skeleton
48
Q

Elastic cartilage:

A
  • Flexible, due to elastic fibers in matrix
  • External ear, larynx
49
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Very tough, due to many collagen fibers
  • Shock absorber
  • Intervertebral discs, pads (menisci) of knee, and pelvic girdle
50
Q

Bone (Osseous Tissue):

A
  • Most rigid connective tissue
  • Solid matrix, composed of mineral (Ca) salts and collagen
  • Supports structures
  • Protects vital structures
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores and releases Ca, P
  • Attachment sites for muscles
  • Forms skeleton
  • Contain osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae
51
Q

What are the 2 types of bone (Osseous Tissue)?

A

Compact and Spongy

52
Q

Compact Bone:

A
  • Osteoblasts deposit matrix in lamellae (layers)
  • Lamellae occur in rings around central canals
  • Osteocytes + matrix + central canal form cylindrical units called
    osteons
  • Osteocytes send out processes into canaliculi, and share blood
    supply
53
Q

Osteons

A
  • Osteons are cemented together to form compact bone
  • Central canals contain blood vessels; bone is well-nourished, heals
    more quickly than cartilage
54
Q

Spongy Bone:

A
  • Makes up interior part of bone
  • Consists of bony plates containing osteocytes, with space between
    them for marrow
  • Lighter in weight than compact bone
55
Q

Blood

A

Formed elements (cells and fragments) suspended in fluid
matrix called plasma

Transports substances around body

56
Q

3 Types of formed elements:

A
  • Red blood cells transport gases
  • White blood cells defend again infection
  • Platelets help in blood clotting
57
Q

What are Membranes?

A

Membranes are sheets of cells. Epithelial membranes are composed of
epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line cavities

58
Q

What are the 3 types of Epithelial membranes? CHECK THIS ONE IN THE POWERPOINT

A

Serous Membranes

Mucous Membranes

Cutaneous Membranes

Synovial Membranes

59
Q

Serous membranes:

A
  • Line body cavities that do not open to outside of body
  • Inner linings of thorax and abdomen; covers organs
  • Simple squamous epithelium + areolar connective tissue
  • Secrete serous fluid for lubrication, reducing friction
60
Q

Mucous membranes:

A
  • Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body
  • Lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
  • Epithelium + areolar connective tissue
  • Goblet cells secrete mucus
61
Q

Cutaneous membranes:

A
  • Covers body surface
  • Commonly called skin
  • Part of integumentary system
62
Q

Synovial membranes:

A
  • Different from epithelial membranes
  • Composed entirely of connective tissue
  • Line joint cavities
63
Q

General Characteristics of Membranes:

A
  • Excitable; respond to nervous stimulation
  • Muscle cells are also called muscle fibers
  • Contractile; can shorten and thicken
64
Q

3 types of muscle tissue:

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

65
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue:

A
  • Attached to bones
  • Striated
  • Voluntary
  • Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells
  • Stimulated by nerve cells
66
Q

Smooth muscle tissue:

A
  • Non-striated
  • Spindle-shaped fibers
  • Walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
  • Involuntary
67
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue:

A
  • Only in wall of heart
  • Branching cells
  • Involuntary
  • Striated
  • Intercalated discs, specialized intercellular junctions
68
Q

Nervous tissues:

A

Found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

69
Q

Neurons

A
  • Main cells, which are specialized for communication, via
    conduction of nerve impulses (sensory reception, motor
    control)
  • Coordinate, integrate, and regulate body functions
  • Composed of cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon
70
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells that support and nourish neurons

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions