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BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! > Chapter 7 - Bones > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Bones Flashcards

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1
Q

The bones of the skeletal system:

A
  • Organs of the skeletal system
  • Composed of many tissues: bone tissue, cartilage, dense
    connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue
  • Alive and multifunctional:
  • Support and protect softer tissues
  • Movement
  • Blood cell formation
  • Mineral storage
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2
Q
  • Skeletal system has 2 divisions:
A
  • Axial
  • Appendicular
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3
Q

Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in these ways:

A

Size
&
Shape

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4
Q

Bones are similar in these features:

A

Structure, Development, and Function

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5
Q

What are the bone classifications by shape?

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

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6
Q

Long Bones

A

long and narrow, have expanded ends

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7
Q

Short bones

A

cube-like, length = width, include Sesamoid (round) bones, which are embedded in tendons

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8
Q

Flat Bones

A

plate-like, with broad surfaces

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9
Q

Irregular bones

A

Variety of shapes,most are connected to several other bones

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10
Q

Parts of a Long Bone…?

E D M A P C S T M E B
(MAKE AN ACRONYM)

A
  • Epiphysis: expanded end
  • Diaphysis: bone shaft
  • Metaphysis: between diaphysis and epiphysis, widening part
  • Articular cartilage: covers epiphysis
  • Periosteum: encloses bone; dense connective tissue
  • Compact (cortical) bone: wall of diaphysis
  • Spongy (cancellous) bone: makes up epiphyses
  • Trabeculae: branching bony plates, make up spongy bone
  • Medullary cavity: hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains marrow
  • Endosteum: Lines spaces, cavity
  • Bone marrow: Red or yellow marrow, lines medullary cavity, spongy
    bone spaces
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11
Q

Microscopic structure of Bone…?

A

Osteocyter, Lacunae, Canaliculi, Collagen Fibers and Inorganic Salts

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12
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature Bone Cells

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13
Q

Lacunae

A

Chambers occupied by Osteocytes

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14
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny passageways through which the cell
processes of osteocytes exchange nutrients and wastes

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15
Q

The extracellular matrix of bone is largely…?

A

Collagen Fibers and Inorganic Salts

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16
Q

What does Collagen and Inorganic Salts do for bone?

A
  • Collagen gives bone resilience
  • Inorganic salts make bone hard
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17
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • Consists of cylindrical units called osteons
  • Osteons and layers of matrix, lamellae, cluster around
    central canal in each osteon
  • Strong and solid
  • Weight-bearing
  • Resists compression
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18
Q

Spongy Bone:

A
  • Consists of branching plates called trabeculae
  • Somewhat flexible
  • Has spaces between trabeculae that reduce the bone’s
    weight
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19
Q

Cylindrical units in compact bone is…?

A

Osteons

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20
Q

Branching plates in spongy bone…?

A

Trabeculae

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21
Q

What are the major functions of bones?

A
  • Provide shape to body
  • Support body structures
  • Protect body structures
  • Aid body movements
  • Contain tissue that produces blood cells
  • Store inorganic salts
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22
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell formation

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23
Q

Blood cell productions occurs in…?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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24
Q

Blood Cell Formation facts

A
  • Hematopoiesis: Blood cell formation
  • Blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow
  • Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are
    produced in red bone marrow
  • With age, some red bone marrow is replaced by yellow
    bone marrow, which stores fat, but does not produce
    blood cells
  • Red marrow remains in adult in skull, ribs, sternum,
    clavicles, vertebrae, hip bones
  • Bone marrow transplants are used to treat a variety of
    conditions
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25
Q

Inorganic Salt Storage

A

About 70% of bone matrix consists of inorganic mineral salts
Most abundant salt is crystals of hydroxyapatite
(calcium phosphate)

Other salts include:
* Magnesium ions
* Sodium ions
* Potassium ions
* Carbonate ions

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26
Q

Osteoporosis

A

condition that results from loss of bone
mineralization

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27
Q

Since calcium is vital in nerve impulse conduction and
muscle contraction, blood calcium level is regulated by…?

A

Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin

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28
Q

Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop in…?

A

the first few
weeks of prenatal development

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29
Q

Bone structures continue to grow and develop into…?

A

Adulthood

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30
Q

Bones form when bone tissue replaces existing connective
tissue in one of two ways

A
  • Intramembranous bones
  • Endochondral bones
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31
Q

Fetus at 14 weeks of development shows growth of both

A

intramembranous and endochondral bones

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32
Q
  • Intramembranous Ossification:
A
  • Flat skull bones, clavicles, sternum and some facial bones
  • Bones form between sheets of primitive connective tissue
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33
Q
  • Endochondral Ossification:
A
  • Long bones and most of skeleton
  • Bones form from hyaline cartilage models
34
Q

Osteoclasts

A

break down calcified matrix

35
Q

Osteoblasts

A

then invade, replacing cartilage with bone
tissue

36
Q

Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate

A
  • Bone can continue to grow in length, as long as cartilage
    cells of epiphyseal plate remain active
  • When ossification centers meet, and epiphyseal plate
    ossifies, bone can no longer grow in length
  • Bone can thicken by depositing compact bone on outside,
    under periosteum
37
Q

What are the Factors Affecting Bone Development,
Growth, and Repair?

A

Nutrition, sunlight exposure, hormone levels, and physical
exercise all affect bone development, growth, and repair

38
Q

Vitamin D

A

calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets,
osteomalacia

39
Q

Vitamin A

A

osteoblast and osteoclast activity; deficiency
retards bone development

40
Q

Vitamin C

A

collagen synthesis; deficiency results in
slender, fragile bones

41
Q

Growth Hormone

A

stimulates cartilage cell division
* Insufficiency in a child can result in pituitary dwarfism
* Excess causes gigantism in child, acromegaly in adult

42
Q

How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

A

206

Some people have extra bones, while others lack certain
bones

43
Q

Division of the Skeleton is…?

A

Axial Skeleton - 80 Bones

Appendicular Skeleton - 126 Bones

44
Q

Axial Skeleton - 80 Bones and their functions

A
  • Skull: Cranium and facial bones
  • Middle ear bones: Move sound to receptors in inner ear
  • Hyoid bone: Supports tongue and is muscle attachment site
  • Vertebral column: Forms central axis of skeleton
  • Thoracic cage: Ribs and sternum; protects organs
45
Q

Appendicular Skeleton - 126 Bones and their fucntions

A
  • Pectoral girdle: Scapula and clavicle; upper limb movement
  • Upper limbs: Humerus, radius, ulna, hand
  • Pelvic girdle: Hip bones; lower limb movement; forms pelvis
  • Lower limbs: Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, foot
46
Q

What are the Characteristics of Infantile Skull?

A
  • Incompletely developed at birth
  • Small face, large orbits, prominent forehead
  • Small nasal cavity and jaw
  • Sinuses are not completely formed
  • Bones are thin and flexible
47
Q

Fontanels (soft spots):

A
  • Fibrous membranes that connect cranial bones, where
    intramembranous ossification is incomplete
  • Allow skull to change shape slightly during birth
  • Four major fontanels close between 2 months and 2 years of age
48
Q

Vertebral Column facts

A
  • Forms vertical axis of skeleton
  • Consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous
    intervertebral discs, and connected by ligaments
  • Supports head and trunk, permits several types of
    movements
  • Protects spinal cord in vertebral canal
  • 33 separate bones in infant, 26 in adult
49
Q

What are the Vertebral Column differences between infants and adults?

A
  • 33 separate bones in infant, 26 in adult
50
Q

4 Curvatures of Vertebral Column:

A
  • Cervical curvature (secondary)
  • Thoracic curvature (primary)
  • Lumbar curvature (secondary)
  • Sacral curvature (primary)
51
Q

Vertebral Column consists of:

A
  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae
  • 5 fused sacral vertebrae form sacrum
  • 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae form coccyx
52
Q

Thoracic cage:

A
  • Includes ribs, thoracic
    vertebrae, sternum,
    and costal cartilages
    that attach the ribs to
    the sternum
  • Supports pectoral
    girdle and upper
    limbs
  • Protects thoracic and
    upper abdominal
    viscera
  • Role in breathing
53
Q

How many pairs of Ribs do humans have?

A

12

54
Q

True Ribs

A

Vertebrosternal, 7 pairs, connect directly to
sternum

55
Q

False Ribs (5 pairs)

A
  • Vertebrochondral ribs: Upper 3 pairs, costal cartilages connect to
    Cartilage #7
  • Floating ribs: Vertebral, lower 2 pairs, no connection to sternum
56
Q

What is the Structure of a Rib?

A
  • Shaft: main portion; long and slender
  • Head: posterior end; articulates with vertebrae
  • Tubercle: articulates with vertebra
  • Costal cartilage: hyaline cartilage, connects rib to sternum
57
Q

Sternum (breastbone):

A
  • Along midline of anterior thoracic cage
  • 3 parts:
  • Manubrium: Upper part
  • Body: Middle and largest part
  • Xiphoid process: Lower part
  • Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs, and clavicles
58
Q

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle:

A
  • Consists of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae:
  • Clavicles = collarbones; anterior portions
  • Scapulae = shoulder blades; posterior portions
  • Forms incomplete ring; open in back
  • Supports upper limbs
  • Attachment site for muscles that move upper limbs
59
Q

Upper Limb Bones:

A
  • Form framework of upper arm, forearm, hand
  • Provide muscle attachments, and work with muscles for
    limb movement
60
Q

What are the bones of the Upper Limb?

A
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
61
Q

Each hand consists of the…?

A

wrist, palm, and fingers (digits)

62
Q
  • Carpal (wrist) bones (8 ):
A
  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Triquetrum
  • Pisiform
  • Hamate
  • Capitate
  • Trapezoid
  • Trapezium
63
Q

Matacarpal (hand) has how many bones?

A

5

64
Q
  • Phalanges (finger bones, 14):
A
  • Proximal phalanx
  • Middle phalanx
  • Distal phalan
65
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

consists of 2 hip (coxal, pelvic, or innominate)
bone

  • Supports trunk of body
  • Protects viscera, such as urinary bladder
  • Transmits weight to lower limbs
  • Provides attachment for lower limbs
66
Q

Pelvis =…?

A

pelvic girdle + sacrum + coccyx

67
Q

Each hip bone consists of 3 fused bones which are…?

A

Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis

68
Q
  • Ilium (largest, most superior part):
A
  • Iliac crest
  • Iliac spines
  • Greater sciatic notch
69
Q
  • Ischium (L-shaped, lowest part):
A
  • Supports weight while sitting
  • Ischial spines
  • Ischial tuberosity
70
Q
  • Pubis (anterior portion):
A
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Pubic arch
71
Q

Acetabulum

A

Depression for head of femur

72
Q

Obturator Foramen

A

Opening between pubis and ischium

73
Q

Female pelvis facts

A
  • Functions as birth canal
  • Iliac bones more flared
  • Broader hips than male
  • Pelvic cavity wider than male
  • Pubic arch angle greater
  • More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities
  • Sacral curvature shorter and flatter
  • Lighter in weight
74
Q

Male Pelvis

A

Less flared, heavier in weight

75
Q

the Lower Limb Bones form…?

A

framework of each thigh, leg, and foot

76
Q

What are the Bones of the lower limb?

A
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
77
Q

Patella (Kneecap):

A
  • Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon
  • Anterior surface of knee joint
  • Helps with lever actions with movement of lower limbs
78
Q

Tarsal (Ankle) Bones (7):

A
  • Calcaneus: Heel bone
  • Talus: Articulates with tibia
  • Navicular
  • Cuboid
  • Lateral cuneiform
  • Intermediate cuneiform
  • Medial cuneiform
79
Q

How many bones are in the Metatarsal (Foot)?

A

5

80
Q

Phalanges (Toe Bones, 14 ):

A
  • Proximal
  • Middle
  • Distal
81
Q

Life-Span Changes

A
  • Decrease in height begins at about age 30
  • Calcium levels fall
  • Bones become brittle and more prone to fracture
  • Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
  • Spongy bone weakens before compact bone
  • Bone loss rapid in menopausal women
  • Hip fractures common
  • Vertebral compression fractures common

BIO 112 - I GOT THIS!!! (13 decks)

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