Chapter 8- Control of Microorganism in Environment

Question 1

any physical or chemical agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth

Answer 1

antimicrobial agent

Question 2

antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anitprotozoal are all examples of ______________

Answer 2

antimicrobial agents

Question 3

antimicrobial agent that kills

Answer 3

microbiocidal

Question 4

bacteriocidal, fungicidal, virocidal

Answer 4

microbiocidal examples

Question 5

antimicrobial agent that inhibits the growth of microorganisms

Answer 5

microbiostatic

Question 6

free of all viable microorganisms, removed or killed

Answer 6

sterile

Question 7

process of removal or killing microorganisms, includes any spores

Answer 7

sterilization

Question 8

decrease the number of viable microorganisms on surface to the minimum transmission rate

Answer 8

disinfection

Question 9

disinfection of living tissue

Answer 9

antiseptis

Question 10

reduction of microbial population to safe levels

Answer 10

sanitization

Question 11

microorganisms die because they loose the ability to _________

Answer 11

reproduce

Question 12

alter physical state of cytoplasm, inactive enzymes destroy proteins, cell wall or membrane disrupted, DNA damaged, transport affected

Answer 12

mechanisms of death

Question 13

not instant, occurs exponentially, measure agents killing efficiency, persister (VBNC) cells must be dead

Answer 13

pattern of microbial death

Question 14

time to kill 90% of microorganisms

Answer 14

decimal reduction time

Question 15

effectively used to kill microorganisms, moist more effective than dry, an use steam or hot water

Answer 15

heat

Question 16

mild heating to kill vegetative microbes, does not sterilize, disinfection, slows micro growth in food to last longer, flash is at higher temps and lower time than bulk

Answer 16

pasteurization

Question 17

kills vegetative bacteria, kills some spores, doesn’t kill all endospores

Answer 17

boiling water

Question 18

higher boiling point of water when heated under pressure, device that steam at higher temps with pressure, greater penetration of the spore, sterilize

Answer 18

autoclave steaming

Question 19

cause oxidation of organic constituents of cell, use when no moisture wanted, oven for higher temps and longer exposure time, incineration for burning and sterilization

Answer 19

dry heat

Question 20

-4C, inhibit growth to extend shelf life, some slow growth by psychotolerant mesophiles, doesnt kill most vegetative cells

Answer 20

refrigeration

Question 21

-20C, stops growth, extends shelf life of food, no killing of vegetative or spore cell

Answer 21

standard freezing

Question 22

-80C, no microbial growth, more killing, cells survive in cyrtoprotectants, long term

Answer 22

ultra low temperature freezing

Question 23

-196C, no growth, long term storage

Answer 23

liquid nitrogen

Question 24

pass liquid or gas through screen like subs with pores, let gas or liquid pass through w/o bacteria, cellulose or nitrocellulose membrane filters

Answer 24

filtration

Question 25

surgical masks, cotton plugs, HEPA filters

Answer 25

filtering air

Question 26

ionizing radiaiton can damage or denature proteins and DNA, can penetrate packaging, sterilize sealed medical equipment, food and other things that can get hot or wet

Answer 26

radiation

Question 27

treat water, lower level, non ionizing, no ion production, kills vegetative cells, decontaminates and disinfects

Answer 27

UV radiation

Question 28

gamma radiation penetrates deep into objects, destroys endospores, not always virus effective

Answer 28

ionizing radiation

Question 29

remove water from microorganisms, drying vegetative cells stops metabolic activity, preserve food and chemicals, dry grains and beef jerkey, gonorrhoeae die within minutes, mycobacterium viable for days and hours

Answer 29

dessication

Question 30

dry with vacuum, lower temps

Answer 30

lyophilization

Question 31

heat, drying plus toxic combustion products

Answer 31

smoking and cooking

Question 32

chemical that sterilizes something

Answer 32

sterilant

Question 33

chemicals that kill vegetative forms of microorganisms, reduce viability

Answer 33

disinfectant

Question 34

prevents multiplying of microorganisms, kill or inhibits overall growth

Answer 34

anti-septic

Question 35

kills 99.99% of microorganisms, for public health purposes

Answer 35

sanitizer

Question 36

effective against wide variety of infections agents and low concentration, effective in presence of organic matter, overuse of antiseptics can lead to resistance

Answer 36

chemical agents

Question 37

derived from phenol, lab and hospital disinfectants, act by denaturing proteins and disruption of cell membrane, disagreeable odor can cause skin irritation,

Answer 37

phenolics

Question 38

widely used, concentrations of 70% ethyl alcohol most effective, no endospore killing and doesn’t sterilize, also common used skin antiseptic, propyl and isopropyl alcohols bacteriocidal for vegetative cells, overall inhibit by denaturing proteins and damage lipids

Answer 38

alcohols

Question 39

skin antiseptic, oxidizes and denatures cell constituents and iodinates protein, increased concentration may kill spores, skin damage staining and allergies can be a problem,

Answer 39

halogens

Question 40

iodine with organic carrier, released slowly to minimize burns

Answer 40

iodophore

Question 41

iodine dissolved in ethanol

Answer 41

tincture

Question 42

oxidizes cell constituents, produces hyperchlorate which is a strong oxidizer that kills proteins, destroys vegetative bacteria and fungi, can react with organic matter to form carcinogenic compounds

Answer 42

chlorine

Question 43

use on organic forms

Answer 43

mercury

Question 44

once used as antiseptic of newborns eyes

Answer 44

silver nitrate

Question 45

include emulsifying agents (ampipathic) make lipids more water soluable, physically able to remove

Answer 45

soaps and detergents

Question 46

detergents with antimicrobial activity are effective disinfecting agents, ampipathic organic cleansing agent, cationic detergents are effective disinfectants, kill most bacteria, easy and safe to use

Answer 46

quaternary ammonium compounds

Question 47

commonly used agents are formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, highly reactive molecules, sporocidal and can be used as chemical sterilants, combine with inactive nucleic acids and proteins

Answer 47

aldehydes

Question 48

sterilize heat and sensitive materials, microbicidal and sporocidal, combine with and inactive DNA proteins

Answer 48

sterilizing gases