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Microbiology > Chapter 7- Microbial Growth and Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Microbial Growth and Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

replicate genetic material, cytoplasm, and cytoplasmic structure, mitotic/meiotic, diploid/haploid

A

reproductive strategies

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2
Q

haploid asexual reproduction only, binary fission, budding, replication and segregation of genome prior to division

A

bacteria and archaea

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3
Q

cell gets roughly 2X in size, divides genetic material and cytoplasm equally between the 2 cells

A

binary fission

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4
Q

a piece of the cell, genetic material with little cytoplasm, pinches off to form a new cell and then grows bigger

A

budding

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5
Q

formation of new cell through next cell division, mostly through binary fission, cytokinesis and DNA replication/partition

A

bacterial cell cycle

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6
Q

site where replication begins

A

single origin of replication

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7
Q

site where replication is terminated

A

terminus

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8
Q

group of proteins needed for DNA synthesis

A

replisome

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9
Q

most are circular, proceeds in both directions from the origin, origins to opposite ends of the cell

A

chromosome replication

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10
Q

replisome pushes daughter chromosome to opposite ends, MreB determines cell shape and chromosome segregation, new origins associated with MreB tracts, no segregation if mutated

A

chromosome partitioning

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11
Q

ParM, ParC, and ParR are___________________

A

the 3 proteins essential for inheritance produced by E. coli

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12
Q

the formation of cross walls between daughter cells

A

septation

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13
Q

selection of site for septum formation, assembly of z ring, linkage of z ring to plasma membrane, constriction of cell and septum formation

A

enzyme dictation during septation

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14
Q

microbial growth usually refers to ____________ growth rather than growth of ____________ cells

A

population, individual

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15
Q

used for microbial growth, transport, and storage of microorganisms, can be solid or liquid, need all nutrients required for organism for growth, classified based on chemical composition, physical nature, and function

A

culture media

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16
Q

all components and their concentrations are known

A

defined or synthetic media

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17
Q

contain some ingredients of unknown composition or concentration

A

complex media

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18
Q

protein hydrolysates prepared by partial digestion of protein sources

A

peptones

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19
Q

can include aqueous, beef or yeast

A

extracts

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20
Q

sulfated polysaccharide used to solidify liquid media, most microorganisms cannot degrade it

A

agar

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21
Q

media containing minimal nutritional requirements for microorganism, varies btwn microbes

A

minimal media

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22
Q

media with more than minimal requirements, quicker growth, contains proteins, amino acids, starches, and lipids

A

rich media

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23
Q

support the growth of many microorganisms

A

general purpose media

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24
Q

general purpose media with addition of blood supplements

A

enriched media

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25
Q

favor a growth of specific microorganism, have an inhibiting agent, MacConkey agar

A

selective media

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26
Q

no inhibiting agent, allow things to grow differently

A

differential media

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27
Q

group of cells that derive from one original cell, clones

A

colony

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28
Q

population of cells arising from a single cell

A

pure culture

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29
Q

spread cells across surface, cells separated from each other, each cell can reproduce to form a separate colony

A

streak plate

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30
Q

small volume of diluted mixture, 30 to 300 cells transferred, spread evenly over surface with a sterile bent rod

A

spread plate

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31
Q

sample is serially diluted, mixed with liquid agar, poured into sterile culture dishes, both may be used to determine number of microorganisms in original sample

A

pour plate

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32
Q

observed in microorganisms cultivated in a batch culture, incubated in a closed vessel, cell number versus time, 3 or 4 distinct phases

A

growth curve

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33
Q

phase that doesn’t always occur, 0 to 30 minutes, interval of time when culture is inoculated and begin to grow, cell synthesizes new components and replenish spent materials

A

log phase

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34
Q

division>death, good space and nutrients, max rate of growth, similar to log phase, 4 to 8 hours

A

exponential phase

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35
Q

cell division = cell death, can last for days or weeks, growth of population is zero, nutrients are gone

A

stationary phase

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36
Q

can last forever, death>division

A

death phase

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37
Q

nutrient depletion, limited oxygen availability, toxic waste accumulation, critical population density reached

A

reason for stationary phase

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38
Q

entry of stationary phase is due to _________

A

starvation

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39
Q

increase cross linking in cell wall, Dps protein protects DNA, chaperone proteins prevent protein damage, cells are called persister cells (have long term survival and increased virulence)

A

production of starvation proteins

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40
Q

two theories of death sequence

A

(1) cells are viable but not culturable (cells alive and dormant, capable of new grown when conditions are right)
(2) programmed cell death (genetically programmed to die)

41
Q

time required for a population to double in size, varies depending on species and environmental condition, ranges from 10 minutes to several days

A

generation (doubling) time

42
Q

direct cell counts, counting chambers, membrane filters

A

direct measurement of cell numbers

43
Q

easy, quick, and inexpensive, for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, can’t distinguish living from the dead

A

counting chambers

44
Q

cells filtered through special membrane with dark background, cells are stained with a fluorescent dye, useful for counting bacteria, certain dyes distinguish living from dead

A

direct cell count on membrane filters

45
Q

microbial suspension with laser light beam through small orifice, movement of microbe through orifice, instance of disruption from current are counted, some antibodies used to determine size and complexity

A

flow cytometry

46
Q

cell viability isn’t clear cut because of __________

A

the many states between dead and alive

47
Q

after dilution of bacteria and incubation, number of organisms = colonies x dilution factor

A

viable counting method for pour/spread technique

48
Q

growth in an open system, continual provision of nutrients, continual removal of wastes and cells, cells in log phase at constant biomass concentration, continuous culture system

A

continuous culture of microorganisms

49
Q

device for continuous culture, rate of incoming medium = rate of removal of medium, essential nutrient in limiting quantities

A

chemostat

50
Q

in a hypotonic solution, cells are ___________, water _________ the cell, and they may __________

A

hypertonic
enters
swell and burst

51
Q

in a hypertonic solution, cells are ___________, water _________ the cell, and ___________.

A

hypotonic
leaves
plasmolysis

52
Q

How do microbes reduce osmotic concentration of the cytoplasm in a hypotonic solution?

A

mechanosensitive (MS) channels in cell membrane allow solutes to leave the cell

53
Q

How do microbes increase internal solute concentration in a hypertonic solution?

A

solutes are used and compatible with metabolism and growth

54
Q

most cells try to stay __________ to their environment

A

slightly hypertonic

55
Q

grow optimally in NaCl or other salts at 0.2M

A

halophiles

56
Q

require salt concentrations of 2M to 6.2M, high concentration of potassium, cell wall, protein, and membranes require more salt for stability

A

extreme halophiles

57
Q

relative acidity of a solution, measure concentration of H+ ions in a solution

A

pH

58
Q

pH of 0 to 5.5, mostly prokaryotes, many Archaea

A

acidophiles

59
Q

pH of 5.5 to 7, most microorganisms

A

neutrophiles

60
Q

pH of 8.5 to 11.5, mostly prokaryotes, mostly prokaryotes

A

alkaliphiles or basophiles

61
Q

Why do most cells strive for a pH of 7?

A

keep proteins and nucleic acids, plasma membrane is impermeable to protons, exchange potassium for protons, buffers

62
Q

True of False: Microorganisms can change external pH through waste?

A

True

63
Q

Microorganisms are __________ because they cannot regulate their internal temperature

A

ambitherms

64
Q

grow at 0 to 20 C

A

psychrophiles

65
Q

grown at 0 to 35 C

A

psychrotrophs

66
Q

grow at 20 to 45 C

A

mesophiles

67
Q

grow at 55 to 85 C

A

thermophiles

68
Q

grow at 85 to 113 C

A

hyperthermophiles

69
Q

grow optimally at a low temperature, extreme representatives that inhabit permanently in cold environments

A

psychrophile

70
Q

grow optimally at a mid range temperature, warm blooded animals, terrestrial and aquatic environments, temperate and tropical latitudes

A

mesophile

71
Q

grow optimally at a high temperature

A

thermophile

72
Q

grow optimally at a very high temperature

A

hyperthermophile

73
Q

production of enzymes and transport proteins that function optimally in cold, more a helices than B sheets, more polar and less hydrophobic amino acids, fewer weak bonds, high unsaturated fatty acid content, fewer hopanoids

A

psychophile adaptations

74
Q

more H and disulfide bonds, histone like proteins stabilize DNA, more saturated and dense lipids in cell membrane, ether linkages

A

thermophile adaptations

75
Q

growth in oxygen correlates with a microbes energy conserving metabolic processes wand the electron transport chain

A

oxygen concentration

76
Q

all organisms that use aerobic cellular respiration as its only energy yielding metabolism require ___ as a final electron acceptor

A

O2

77
Q

usually live in 20/21% O2, die in its absence, perform only aerobic cellular respiration

A

strict aerobes

78
Q

live in 2-10% O2 concentrations

A

microaerophiles

79
Q

organisms that use some other method of energy metabolism and have no O2 requirement

A

anaerobes

80
Q

organisms that can tolerate O2 and grow in its presence even though they cant use it

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

81
Q

organisms that dies in the presence of any O2, found in deep water and deep soil

A

strict anaerobes

82
Q

live in presence or absence of oxygen, aerobic cellular respiration when present, some other form when absent, nearly all prokaryotes and fungi

A

facultative anaerobes/aerobes

83
Q

damage proteins and nucleic acids, can mutate and cell death can occur when above the threshold of protection, include single oxygen, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicle

A

toxic forms of oxygen

84
Q

enzymes neutralize toxic species, aerobes and facultative aerobes have the most detoxyfing enzymes, microaerophiles and aerotolerant have none, strict have none

A

dealing with toxic forms of oxygen

85
Q

H2O2 + H2O2 —–> 2 H2O + O2

A

catalase

86
Q

H2O2 + NADH + H —> 2 H2O + NAD+

A

peroxidase

87
Q

O2- + O2- + 2H —–> H2O2 + O2

A

superoxide dismutase

88
Q

What are 3 enzymes that destroy toxic oxygen species?

A

(1) catalase
(2) peroxidase
(3 superoxide dismutase

89
Q

strict anaerobic microorganisms lack or have a low quantity of __________ and ___________ due to their ability to tolerate oxygen

A

superoxide dismutase and catalase

90
Q

adversely affected by increased pressure, not as severely as non-tolerant organisms

A

barotolerant

91
Q

require or grow more rapidly in the presence of increased pressure, change membrane fatty acids to adapt to high pressures

A

barophilic

92
Q

include x-rays and gamma rays, mutations occur in low doses and cell death occurs in high doses, disrupts chemical structure, damage may be repaired by DNA repair mechanisms for small dose of damage

A

ionizing radiation

93
Q

wavelength most effectively absorbed by DNA, can cause mutations but more death, causes formation of thymine dimers in DNA

A

ultraviolet (UV) radiation

94
Q

high intensities generate single oxygen, serve as powerful oxidizing agent, carotenoid pigments for protection

A

invisible light

95
Q

complex and constantly changing, low nutrient concentrations, may expose a microorganism to overlapping gradients of nutrients and environmental factors

A

microbial growth in natural environments

96
Q

microbes reversibly attach to conditioned surface, release polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA to form extracellular polymeric substance

A

formation of biofilm

97
Q

maturity leads to increased complexity and involvement in a community of microorganisms, form on a surface that is conditioned, interactions occur along the attached organisms, formation on medical devices leads to illness

A

biofilms

98
Q

microbes produce small proteins that increase in concentration as microbes replicate and convert themselves to a competent state

A

cell to cell communication within microbial populations

Microbiology (11 decks)

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