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Microbiology > Chapter 11- Catabolism, Energy Release, and Conservation > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Catabolism, Energy Release, and Conservation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

use light

A

phototrophs

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2
Q

obtain energy from oxidation of chemical compounds

A

chemotrophs

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3
Q

use reduced inorganic substances

A

lithotrophs

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4
Q

obtain electrons from organic coupounds

A

organotrophs

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5
Q

organic carbon, organic electron donor

A

chemoorganoheterotroph

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6
Q

organic carbon, inorganic electron donor

A

chemolithoheterotroph

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7
Q

What is the energy currency of reactions?

A

ATP

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8
Q

complete or incomplete oxidation of organic compound, release energy, use organic molecules as energy, 3 processes (aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, fermentation)

A

chemoorganotrophic metabolism

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9
Q

complete oxidation of organic molecule to 6 CO2, use ETC, proton motive force, synthesizes ATP by ATPsynthase

A

cellular respiration

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10
Q

final electron acceptor is always O2, catabolize and oxidize organic energy source for CO2, exergonic produces ATP and high energy electron carriers

A

aerobic cellular respiration

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11
Q

final electron acceptor is never O2, complete catabolism of the starting organic molecule to CO2, ETC but never final e acceptor of O2, less energy than aerobic

A

anaerobic cellular respiration

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12
Q

organic acceptors can be used, exogenous acceptor such as NO3, SO4 and CO2

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

incomplete oxidation of organic molecule, end in organic acids or alcohol, endogenous electron acceptor, no ETC or proton motive force, ATP synthesized only by substrate level phosphorylation

A

fermentation

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14
Q

enzyme catalyzed reactions where product of one is substrate of next reaction, provide materials for biosynthesis, amphibolic pathway

A

catabolic pathway

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15
Q

catabolic and anabolic pathway, include Embden Meyerhof pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, and TCA cycle

A

amphibolic pathways

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16
Q

What are the 4 phases of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

(1) glycolysis
(2) formation of acetyl CoA
(3) Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
(4) Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation

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17
Q

6 molecules of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C each), net to 2 ATP & 2 NADH, performed in cytoplasm in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

glycolysis

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18
Q

removal of 1 carbon dioxide from pyruvate to form 2 carbon acetyl group, combine with conenzyme A, 2 NADH produced

A

formation of acetyl CoA

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19
Q

2 carbon acetyl group completely oxidized to CO2, 2 GTP produced and converted to ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH produced

A

Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle

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20
Q

NADH and FADH released during electron transport, some of energy is used to drive ATPase for ATP synthesis during process

A

electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

occurs in cytoplasm matrix of most eukaryotic microorganisms, plants, animals, and along inner cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes, most common degradation of glucose to pyruvate, function in presence or absence of O2, addition of 2 phosphates is activation energy, ATP synthesized by SLP

A

the embden meyerhof pathway (glycolysis)

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22
Q

what are the steps to the embden meyerhof pathway

A

glucose 6 —> fructose 1,6P —->aldolase —-> glyceraldehyde 3-P ——> glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase —> 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

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23
Q

used by soil bacteria and few gram negative bacteria, replaces 1st phase of embden meyerhof pathway, yield 1 ATP/NADPH/NADH per glucose

A

enter dudoroff pathway

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24
Q

aka hexose monophosphate pathway, can operate at same time as glycolysis or EDP, aerobic or anaerobic, amphibolic, used by many microorganisms, starts with glucose 6p

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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25
Q

common in aerobic bacteria, free living protozoa and algae/fungi, produce carbon skeletons for biosynthesis and energy metabolism

A

tricarboxlyic acid cycle/citric acid cycle

26
Q

in the TCA ___________ + __________ forms citrate

A

oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA

27
Q

for each acetyl CoA oxidized, the TCA produces

A

2 molecules of CO2, 3 molecules of NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP

28
Q

a series of electron carriers operating together to transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to terminal electron in O2, flow from more negative to positive reduction, each carrier reduced and reoxidized, difference in reduction potentials results in great release of energy

A

electron transport chain

29
Q

located in cell membrane, some may resemble mitochondrial ETC, different ETCs and may be branched, shorter

A

bacterial and archaeal ETCs

30
Q

ATP synthesized as the result of electron transport driven by the oxidation of a chemical source

A

oxidative phosphorylation

31
Q

most common hypothesis for OP, protons move outward from mito matrix as electrons are transported down the chain, concentration gradient forms, PMF formed

A

chemiosmotic hypothesis

32
Q

ATP yield in eukaryotes is about ________ and about ________ in prokaryotes

A

30 and 16-28

33
Q

bacterial ETC are shorter and have lower P/O ratio, ATP production varys based on environmental condition, PMF in bacteria and archaea is used for other purposes than ATP production, precursor metabolite may be used for biosynthesis

A

factors affecting ATP yield

34
Q

oxidized inorganic ______ compounds are the mos common acceptors

A

nitrogen

35
Q

denitrifying bacteria in soil play role in denitrification, recyclers

A

reduction of nitrogen to nitrogen gas

36
Q

inorganic compounds oxidized in sulfur compounds, prokaryotes in soil and water, play key role in sulfur cycle

A

sulfur reduction

37
Q

use CO2 as final electron acceptor, reduce it to CH4 methane

A

methanogenesis

38
Q

monosaccharides converted to to other sugars that enter glyolytic pathway, di and polysaccharides cleaved by hydrolases or phophorylases

A

carbohydrate catabolic activity

39
Q

stored substances used as energy sources in absence of external nutrients, glycogen to starch by phosphorylases

A

reserve polylmers

40
Q

fatty acids oxidized by beta oxidation pathway, glycerol degraded via glycolytic pathway, triglycerides hydrolyzed to glycerol and FA’s by lipases

A

lipid catabolism

41
Q

hydrolyzes protein to amino acids

A

protease

42
Q

removal of amino group from amino acid

A

deamination

43
Q

What are the 3 major groups of chemlithotrophs?

A

(1) hydrogen oxidizing bacteria
(2) sulfur oxidizing microbes
(3) nitrifying bacteria

44
Q

oxidize H2 to relase energy and electrons, seen in archaea and bacteria, deep Earth and Sea, catalyzed by hydrogenase (separates protons and electrons), often facultative,

A

hydrogen oxidizing bacteria

45
Q

many reduced sulfur compounds are used as electron donors, H2S, S0 and S2O3 are most common end products, lower pH of surroundings, usually aerobic

A

sulfur oxidizing bacteria

46
Q

compounds oxidized by nitrifying bacteria during nitrification, nitrosomonas (NH3>NO2) and nitrobacter (NH2>NO3)

A

nitrogen oxidation (nitrification)

47
Q

calvin cycle requires NADPH as electron source for fixing CO2, use reverse electron flow to generate NADPH, electrons flow in opposite direction as ETC

A

reverse electron flow by chemolithotrophs

48
Q

flexibility of chemolithotrophs

A

can be chemolithotrophic or chemoheterotrophic, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

49
Q

use energy from the sun and electrons from inorganic molecules, light energy converted to chemical bond energy in the organic molecules synthesized, CO2 is reduced to organic C6H12O6 (carbon fixation), brings carbon into ecosystem

A

photoautotrophic metabolism

50
Q

anoxygenic photosynthesis uses ______

A

H2S

51
Q

capture light energy, absorb some and reflect others, percieved color is reflected wavelength, produce some chlorophyll to be photosynthetic, chlorophyll is a porphyrin

A

photosynthetic pigments

52
Q

in eukaryotes, chlorophyll is found in _________ but found in __________ in prokaryotes

A

thylakoids, cytoplasmic membrane or chlorosomes

53
Q

transfer light to chlorophylls, cartoenoids and phycobiliproteins

A

accessory pigments

54
Q

highly organized array of chlorophylls and accessory pigments, capture light energy and transfer in to a special reaction center

A

antenna pigments

55
Q

antenna and its associated reaction center chlorophyll, 1 in anoxygenic and 2 in oxygenic, rxn centers participate directly in conversion of light to ATP

A

photosystems

56
Q

light needed, ATP and NADPH made, anoxygenic electrons from H2S not H2O

A

light reactions

57
Q

water split by photolysis, provide electrons for NADPH

A

oxygenic photosynthesis

58
Q

both oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

ATP made by ATPase during electron transport (photophosphorylation)

59
Q

phototropic green, purple, and heliobacteria, only 1 PS, reducing power for CO2 fixation comes from reductants of environment, H2O not electron source, O2 not produced

A

anoxygenic photosynthesis

60
Q

light energy to generate chemical energy, NADPH from PS1, ATP from PS2, ATP can be produced by cyclic photophosphorylation, H2O in and O2 out

A

oxygenic photosynthesis

61
Q

the reduction of CO2 to organic carbon, most common in calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation

Microbiology (11 decks)

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