Chapter 11- Catabolism, Energy Release, and Conservation

Question 1

use light

Answer 1

phototrophs

Question 2

obtain energy from oxidation of chemical compounds

Answer 2

chemotrophs

Question 3

use reduced inorganic substances

Answer 3

lithotrophs

Question 4

obtain electrons from organic coupounds

Answer 4

organotrophs

Question 5

organic carbon, organic electron donor

Answer 5

chemoorganoheterotroph

Question 6

organic carbon, inorganic electron donor

Answer 6

chemolithoheterotroph

Question 7

What is the energy currency of reactions?

Answer 7

ATP

Question 8

complete or incomplete oxidation of organic compound, release energy, use organic molecules as energy, 3 processes (aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, fermentation)

Answer 8

chemoorganotrophic metabolism

Question 9

complete oxidation of organic molecule to 6 CO2, use ETC, proton motive force, synthesizes ATP by ATPsynthase

Answer 9

cellular respiration

Question 10

final electron acceptor is always O2, catabolize and oxidize organic energy source for CO2, exergonic produces ATP and high energy electron carriers

Answer 10

aerobic cellular respiration

Question 11

final electron acceptor is never O2, complete catabolism of the starting organic molecule to CO2, ETC but never final e acceptor of O2, less energy than aerobic

Answer 11

anaerobic cellular respiration

Question 12

organic acceptors can be used, exogenous acceptor such as NO3, SO4 and CO2

Answer 12

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

incomplete oxidation of organic molecule, end in organic acids or alcohol, endogenous electron acceptor, no ETC or proton motive force, ATP synthesized only by substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 13

fermentation

Question 14

enzyme catalyzed reactions where product of one is substrate of next reaction, provide materials for biosynthesis, amphibolic pathway

Answer 14

catabolic pathway

Question 15

catabolic and anabolic pathway, include Embden Meyerhof pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, and TCA cycle

Answer 15

amphibolic pathways

Question 16

What are the 4 phases of aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 16

(1) glycolysis
(2) formation of acetyl CoA
(3) Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
(4) Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 17

6 molecules of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C each), net to 2 ATP & 2 NADH, performed in cytoplasm in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 17

glycolysis

Question 18

removal of 1 carbon dioxide from pyruvate to form 2 carbon acetyl group, combine with conenzyme A, 2 NADH produced

Answer 18

formation of acetyl CoA

Question 19

2 carbon acetyl group completely oxidized to CO2, 2 GTP produced and converted to ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH produced

Answer 19

Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle

Question 20

NADH and FADH released during electron transport, some of energy is used to drive ATPase for ATP synthesis during process

Answer 20

electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

Question 21

occurs in cytoplasm matrix of most eukaryotic microorganisms, plants, animals, and along inner cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes, most common degradation of glucose to pyruvate, function in presence or absence of O2, addition of 2 phosphates is activation energy, ATP synthesized by SLP

Answer 21

the embden meyerhof pathway (glycolysis)

Question 22

what are the steps to the embden meyerhof pathway

Answer 22

glucose 6 —> fructose 1,6P —->aldolase —-> glyceraldehyde 3-P ——> glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase —> 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

Question 23

used by soil bacteria and few gram negative bacteria, replaces 1st phase of embden meyerhof pathway, yield 1 ATP/NADPH/NADH per glucose

Answer 23

enter dudoroff pathway

Question 24

aka hexose monophosphate pathway, can operate at same time as glycolysis or EDP, aerobic or anaerobic, amphibolic, used by many microorganisms, starts with glucose 6p

Answer 24

pentose phosphate pathway

Question 25

common in aerobic bacteria, free living protozoa and algae/fungi, produce carbon skeletons for biosynthesis and energy metabolism

Answer 25

tricarboxlyic acid cycle/citric acid cycle

Question 26

in the TCA ___________ + __________ forms citrate

Answer 26

oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA

Question 27

for each acetyl CoA oxidized, the TCA produces

Answer 27

2 molecules of CO2, 3 molecules of NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP

Question 28

a series of electron carriers operating together to transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to terminal electron in O2, flow from more negative to positive reduction, each carrier reduced and reoxidized, difference in reduction potentials results in great release of energy

Answer 28

electron transport chain

Question 29

located in cell membrane, some may resemble mitochondrial ETC, different ETCs and may be branched, shorter

Answer 29

bacterial and archaeal ETCs

Question 30

ATP synthesized as the result of electron transport driven by the oxidation of a chemical source

Answer 30

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 31

most common hypothesis for OP, protons move outward from mito matrix as electrons are transported down the chain, concentration gradient forms, PMF formed

Answer 31

chemiosmotic hypothesis

Question 32

ATP yield in eukaryotes is about ________ and about ________ in prokaryotes

Answer 32

30 and 16-28

Question 33

bacterial ETC are shorter and have lower P/O ratio, ATP production varys based on environmental condition, PMF in bacteria and archaea is used for other purposes than ATP production, precursor metabolite may be used for biosynthesis

Answer 33

factors affecting ATP yield

Question 34

oxidized inorganic ______ compounds are the mos common acceptors

Answer 34

nitrogen

Question 35

denitrifying bacteria in soil play role in denitrification, recyclers

Answer 35

reduction of nitrogen to nitrogen gas

Question 36

inorganic compounds oxidized in sulfur compounds, prokaryotes in soil and water, play key role in sulfur cycle

Answer 36

sulfur reduction

Question 37

use CO2 as final electron acceptor, reduce it to CH4 methane

Answer 37

methanogenesis

Question 38

monosaccharides converted to to other sugars that enter glyolytic pathway, di and polysaccharides cleaved by hydrolases or phophorylases

Answer 38

carbohydrate catabolic activity

Question 39

stored substances used as energy sources in absence of external nutrients, glycogen to starch by phosphorylases

Answer 39

reserve polylmers

Question 40

fatty acids oxidized by beta oxidation pathway, glycerol degraded via glycolytic pathway, triglycerides hydrolyzed to glycerol and FA's by lipases

Answer 40

lipid catabolism

Question 41

hydrolyzes protein to amino acids

Answer 41

protease

Question 42

removal of amino group from amino acid

Answer 42

deamination

Question 43

What are the 3 major groups of chemlithotrophs?

Answer 43

(1) hydrogen oxidizing bacteria (2) sulfur oxidizing microbes (3) nitrifying bacteria

Question 44

oxidize H2 to relase energy and electrons, seen in archaea and bacteria, deep Earth and Sea, catalyzed by hydrogenase (separates protons and electrons), often facultative,

Answer 44

hydrogen oxidizing bacteria

Question 45

many reduced sulfur compounds are used as electron donors, H2S, S0 and S2O3 are most common end products, lower pH of surroundings, usually aerobic

Answer 45

sulfur oxidizing bacteria

Question 46

compounds oxidized by nitrifying bacteria during nitrification, nitrosomonas (NH3>NO2) and nitrobacter (NH2>NO3)

Answer 46

nitrogen oxidation (nitrification)

Question 47

calvin cycle requires NADPH as electron source for fixing CO2, use reverse electron flow to generate NADPH, electrons flow in opposite direction as ETC

Answer 47

reverse electron flow by chemolithotrophs

Question 48

flexibility of chemolithotrophs

Answer 48

can be chemolithotrophic or chemoheterotrophic, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Question 49

use energy from the sun and electrons from inorganic molecules, light energy converted to chemical bond energy in the organic molecules synthesized, CO2 is reduced to organic C6H12O6 (carbon fixation), brings carbon into ecosystem

Answer 49

photoautotrophic metabolism

Question 50

anoxygenic photosynthesis uses ______

Answer 50

H2S

Question 51

capture light energy, absorb some and reflect others, percieved color is reflected wavelength, produce some chlorophyll to be photosynthetic, chlorophyll is a porphyrin

Answer 51

photosynthetic pigments

Question 52

in eukaryotes, chlorophyll is found in _________ but found in __________ in prokaryotes

Answer 52

thylakoids, cytoplasmic membrane or chlorosomes

Question 53

transfer light to chlorophylls, cartoenoids and phycobiliproteins

Answer 53

accessory pigments

Question 54

highly organized array of chlorophylls and accessory pigments, capture light energy and transfer in to a special reaction center

Answer 54

antenna pigments

Question 55

antenna and its associated reaction center chlorophyll, 1 in anoxygenic and 2 in oxygenic, rxn centers participate directly in conversion of light to ATP

Answer 55

photosystems

Question 56

light needed, ATP and NADPH made, anoxygenic electrons from H2S not H2O

Answer 56

light reactions

Question 57

water split by photolysis, provide electrons for NADPH

Answer 57

oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 58

both oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 58

ATP made by ATPase during electron transport (photophosphorylation)

Question 59

phototropic green, purple, and heliobacteria, only 1 PS, reducing power for CO2 fixation comes from reductants of environment, H2O not electron source, O2 not produced

Answer 59

anoxygenic photosynthesis

Question 60

light energy to generate chemical energy, NADPH from PS1, ATP from PS2, ATP can be produced by cyclic photophosphorylation, H2O in and O2 out

Answer 60

oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 61

the reduction of CO2 to organic carbon, most common in calvin cycle

Answer 61

carbon fixation