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Microbiology > Chapter 3-Cell Structure of Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Cell Structure of Prokaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do Prokaryotes differ from Eukaryotes?

A

in size and simplicity

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2
Q

most prokaryotes lack a _____________

A

internal membrane system

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3
Q

prokaryotes are divided into _____________

A

bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

describes cell shape

A

morphology

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5
Q

what are the 3 major cell morphologies? (there are variations from the main 3)

A

coccus (cocci), bacillus (bacilli), spirillium

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6
Q

2 cocci

A

diplococcus

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7
Q

chains of cocci

A

streptococcus

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8
Q

4 cocci

A

tetrad

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9
Q

8 cocci

A

sarcinae

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10
Q

many cocci

A

staphylococcus

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11
Q

diplobacilli

A

2 bacilli

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12
Q

chains of bacilli

A

streptobacilli

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13
Q

several parallel cells along long axis

A

pallisade

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14
Q

rods

A

bacilli

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15
Q

very short rods

A

coccobacilli

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16
Q

resemble rods, comma shaped

A

vibrios

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17
Q

rigid helices

A

spirilla

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18
Q

flexible helices

A

spirochetes

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19
Q

network of long, multinucleate filamentous cells

A

mycelium

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20
Q

organisms that are variable in shape

A

pleomorphic

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21
Q

Why is it advantageous for a cell to be small?

A

small cells have a higher SA to volume ratio than large cells, allows for greater nutrient exchange per unit of cell volume

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22
Q

what makes up the cell envelope?

A

(1) structures exterior to the cell wall
(2) cell wall
(3) cell membrane

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23
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

maintain cell integrity, regulate transport, protein attachment, receptors for detection of/response to chemicals in surroundings, energy metabolism in prokaryotes

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24
Q

describes the cell membrane as somewhat fluid, somewhat solid, lipid bilayer with floating proteins

A

fluid mosaic model

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25
Q

phospholipid bilayer with proteins, no sterols, but contains hopanoids (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components), many variations to glycerol backbone

A

composition of cytoplasmic membrane

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26
Q

loosely connected membrane protein on cytoplasmic side, easily removed

A

peripheral protein

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27
Q

embedded with membrane, project outward and inward, amphipathic, control important functions and microdomains

A

integral proteins

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28
Q

completely cross membrane

A

transmembrane protein

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29
Q

What are two cell membrane strengthening agents?

A

(1) sterols

(2) hopanoids

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30
Q

rigid and planar, found in eukaryotic membranes, strengthen membrane, only found in a very few prokaryotes

A

sterols

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31
Q

structurally similar to sterols, present in membranes of many Bacteria

A

hopanoids

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32
Q

liquid crystal, rigid and temperature dependent

A

cell membrane

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33
Q

What happens when the cell membrane gets too cold?

A

solidification occurs, gelling, Van der Waals forces pull tails together

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34
Q

What happens when the cell membrane gets too warm?

A

thermal lysis, cell death

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35
Q

How is the correct fluidity of a cell membrane obtained?

A

adjust fatty acid composition
if cold: more unsaturated fatty acids, minimize VDW forces
if hot: more saturated fatty acids, minimize VDW forces

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36
Q

transport which does not require ATP or other cellular energy to be used by the cell

A

passive transport

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37
Q

transport which require the cell to extend its own energy in the form of ATP

A

active transport

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38
Q

transport that doesn’t require a transport protein

A

simple transport

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39
Q

transport which requires a transport protein

A

facilitated transport

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40
Q

the movement of a molecule due to inherent kinetic energy from high concentration to low concentration

A

diffusion

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41
Q

the diffusion of water across a membrane

A

osmosis

42
Q

What are the factors that determine transport across a cell membrane?

A

(1) Charge of the molecule
(2) Size of the molecule
(3) Shape of the molecule

43
Q

What are the factors that determine movement across a cell membrane?

A

non-polar or small polar between phospholipids, all ions and all polar substances allowed through transport protein

44
Q

ligand binds specific proteins, slow saturation effect, highly specific

A

receptor mediated transport systems

45
Q

simultaneous transport and chemical modification of transported substance

A

group translocation

46
Q

exterior to cell membrane, rigid and mostly structural polysaccharide and peptide/protein, prevent osmotic lysis in colonial prokaryotes

A

cell wall

47
Q

pressure from water entering the cell, causes a rupture of the cell membrane and death of the cell

A

osmotic lysis

48
Q

solute concentration outside is less that inside, water moves into cell and cell swells, cell wall protects from lysis

A

hypotonic environment

49
Q

solute concentration outside the cell is greater, water leaves the cell, plasmolysis occurs

A

hypertonic environment

50
Q

What will happen to a cell wall in hypotonic solution if no lysozyme or penicillin is present?

A

the cell will lyse

51
Q

protoplasts are ___________

A

gram positive

52
Q

spheroplasts are ____________

A

gram negative

53
Q

purple stain, thick layer of peptidoglycan

A

gram positive

54
Q

pink or red stain, thin peptidoglycan

A

gram negative

55
Q

the structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of domain Bacteria prokaryotes, mesh like polymer of identical sub units forming long strands, 2 alternating sugars, alternating D & L amino acids

A

peptidoglycan

56
Q

peptidoglycan strands have a ________shape, and are cross-linked by ____________

A

(1) helical

(2) covalent bonds

57
Q

almost 90% peptidoglycan, have large amounts of teichoric acid (maintain cell envelope, bind to host cell, attract cations) may have layer of proteins on surface

A

gram positive cell wall

58
Q

thin layer of peptidoglycan, outer membrane composed of phospholipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide, Braun’s lipoprotein crosses from outer membrane to peptidoglycan

A

gram negative cell wall

59
Q

have 3 parts (lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O side chain), place negative charge on cell surface, stabilize outer membrane structures, helps to create a permeability barrier, protects from host defenses

A

lipopolysaccharides

60
Q

a gram negative outer membrane is more permeable than a plasma protein due to the presence of ____________ and ___________

A

porin proteins and transfer proteins (allow small molecules to pass)

61
Q

polysaccharide rich material exterior to the cell wall, has multiple protein components

A

glycocalyx

62
Q

a dense, tightly attached, regular arrangement of polysaccharides that sits exterior to the cell wall, visible to a light microscope, most are gram +

A

capsule

63
Q

a diffuse, loosely attached irregular arrangement of polysaccharides, attach to solid surfaces and prevent virus attachment

A

slime layer

64
Q

regularly structured layers of protein and glycoprotein that self assemble, gram (-) adhere to outer membrane, gram (+) associate with peptidoglycan surface

A

s-layers

65
Q

What are the functions to the s-layer?

A

(1) protect from ion/pH/osmotic pressure
(2) maintain shape and rigidity
(3) promote adhesion to surfaces
(4) protect from host defenses

66
Q

short, thin, hairlike proteinaceous appendages that mediate attachment to surfaces

A

fimbriae and pili

67
Q

similar to fimbriae but longer, thicker and less numerous, genes for formation found on plasmids

A

sex pili

68
Q

threadlike locomotor appendages that extend outward from plasma membrane, attach to surfaces and provide motility and a swarming behavior

A

flagella

69
Q

one flagellum

A

monotrichous

70
Q

flagellum at end of cell

A

polar flagellum

71
Q

one flagellum at each end of cell

A

amphitrichous

72
Q

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

A

lophotrichous

73
Q

spread over entire surface of cell

A

peritrichous

74
Q

What are the three parts of flagella?

A

(1) filament
(2) hook
(3) basal body

75
Q

part of flagella, extends from cell surface to the tip, a hollow and rigid cylinder, composed of the protein flagellin

A

filament

76
Q

part of flagella, links filament to basal body, made of protein

A

hook

77
Q

part of flagella, series of rings that drive flagella motor

A

basal body

78
Q

directed cell movement in response to some stimulus

A

taxis

79
Q

movement toward chemical attractants such as nutrients and away from harmful substances

A

chemotaxis

80
Q

a flagellum rotates like a ______________

A

propeller

81
Q

Spirochetes have a ____________ shape which allows for movement in a viscous media.

A

corkscrew

82
Q

a movement described as short, intermittent jerky motions

A

twitching

83
Q

moving in smooth motion and movement

A

gliding

84
Q

material bound by the plasmid membrane, 95% water, dissolved solutes, contains cytoskeleton, enzymes and ribosomes

A

cytoplasm

85
Q

network of fibrous proteins within the cytoplasm, important in cell division and determine cell shape

A

cytoskeleton

86
Q

What are two types of intracytoplasmic membranes?

A

(1) cell membrane infoldings

(2) anammozosome in planctomycetes

87
Q

membrane bound storage structures containing granules of in/organic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use, glycogen and carbon storage, amino acids and other nutrients

A

inclusions

88
Q

not bound by membranes but compartmentalized for a specific function (CO2 fixing bacteria)

A

microcompartments

89
Q

an inclusion found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and archaea, provide buoyancy in gas vesicles

A

gas vacuoles

90
Q

found in aquatic bacteria, orientate themselves based on the Earth’s magnetic field, help make protein

A

magnetosomes

91
Q

have a complex structure, site of protein synthesis, larger in eukaryotes than bacteria

A

ribosomes

92
Q

archaeal __________ are more similar to eukarya than bacteria

A

ribosomes

93
Q

no nucleus, no membrane around DNA, found in an irregularly shaped region, 10-15% of cytoplasmic volume, DNA is circular and supercoiled

A

nucleoid

94
Q

extrachromosomal DNA, found in bacteria, archaea and some fungi, small closer, circular DNA molecules, exist and replicate independently of chromosome, exist in many copies within cell, contain four genes that are non-essential

A

plasmids

95
Q

complex, dormant structure formed by some bacteria, function is to survive extreme environments for organism, resistance to numerous environmental conditions (heat, radiation, chemicals)

A

bacterial endospore

96
Q

thick covering of exosporium, and spore coat make up the ____________

A

endospore structure

97
Q

process of endospore formation, occurs in only a few hours, ends when growth ceases b/c of lack of nutrients, complex, multistage process

A

sporulation

98
Q

How is an endospore resistant?

A

calcium (complex with acid), small, acid soluble DNA binding proteins, spore coat and exosporium to protect

99
Q

a multistage process that transforms an endospore into a vegetative cell complex

A

germination

100
Q

prepares spores for germination, often results from treatments like heating

A

activation formation of a vegetative cell

101
Q

occurs when environmental nutrients are detected, spore swelling and rupture of spore coat, loss of resistance, increased metabolic activity

A

germination formation of vegetative cell

Microbiology (11 decks)

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