Chapter 10-Introduction to Metabolism

Question 1

biodegradation

Answer 1

catabolism

Question 2

biosynthesis

Answer 2

anabolism

Question 3

breakdown of a larger molecule into smaller ones, breaks covalent bonds and releases energy, exergonic, enzyme catalyzed, most are oxidations and precursors for anabolism

Answer 3

catabolism

Question 4

the synthesis of a larger molecule from a smaller one, creates many new covalent bonds, requires energy input, endergonic, enzyme catalyzed, mostly seen in reductions

Answer 4

anabolism (biosynthesis)

Question 5

What 3 types of work must microbial cells do?

Answer 5

(1) chemical work- synthesis of complex molecules
(2) transport work- up take of nutrients, elimination of wastes and ion balance
(3) mechanical work- cell motility and movement of structures within cells

Question 6

changes in matter of a system

Answer 6

thermodynamics

Question 7

energy can neither be created or destroyed, total energy in the universe remains constant

Answer 7

first law of thermodynamics

Question 8

physical and chemical processes show disorder

Answer 8

second law of thermodynamics

Question 9

amount of disorder or randomness in a system

Answer 9

entropy

Question 10

amount of heat needed to raise one gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 C

Answer 10

calorie

Question 11

units of work capable of being done by a unit of energy

Answer 11

joule

Question 12

when delta G is negative, ___________

Answer 12

the reaction is spontaneous

Question 13

when delta G is positive, ___________

Answer 13

the reaction is not spontaneous

Question 14

rate of forward reaction is equal to rate of reverse reaction

Answer 14

equilibrium

Question 15

expresses the equilibrium concentrations of products and reactants to one another

Answer 15

equilibrium constant (Keq)

Question 16

high energy molecule, exergonic breakdown to ATP coupled with endergonic reactions to increase favorability

Answer 16

role of ATP in metabolism

Question 17

transfer of electrons, from donor to acceptor, transfer of energy with electrons

Answer 17

redox reactions

Question 18

loss of electrons or an H atom, becomes more positive, exergonic

Answer 18

oxidation

Question 19

gain of electrons or an H atom, becomes less positive, endergonic

Answer 19

reduction

Question 20

tendency of a compound to donate or gain electrons, standard condition expressed as volts, more negative = better donor, more positive = better acceptor

Answer 20

standard redox potential

Question 21

electron carrier, 1st electron carrier has the most energy, potential energy is stored in first redox couple is released and used as ATP, 1st carrier is reduced and electrons move to next carrier

Answer 21

electron transport chain

Question 22

NAD, NADP, NADH

Answer 22

electron carriers

Question 23

use iron to transfer electrons (part of heme group)

Answer 23

cytochromes

Question 24

organic molecules, serve as catalysts, increase the rate of reaction, protein catalysts are specific to the reaction

Answer 24

enzymes

Question 25

increases the rate of reaction without permanent alteration

Answer 25

catalyst

Question 26

reacting molecule

Answer 26

substrate

Question 27

formed by reaction

Answer 27

product

Question 28

protein component of an enzyme

Answer 28

apoenzyme

Question 29

loosely attached

Answer 29

coenzyme

Question 30

firmly attached

Answer 30

prosthetic group

Question 31

holoenzyme

Answer 31

loosely attached

Question 32

energy required to form a transition state complex

Answer 32

activation energy

Question 33

increasing concentrations of substrates at the active site of an enzyme, proper orientation of substrates to quickly from transition state complex

Answer 33

how to lower Ea

Question 34

What environmental conditions effect enzyme activity?

Answer 34

substrate concentration, pH, temperature

Question 35

directly competes with binding of substrate to the active site

Answer 35

competitive inhibition

Question 36

binds enzyme at site other than active site

Answer 36

non-competitive inhibition

Question 37

discovered by Cech and Altman, RNA molecules that can catalyze a reaction, self splicing, self replication, and catalyze peptide bond formation

Answer 37

ribozymes

Question 38

differential in localization of enzymes and metabolites

Answer 38

metabolic channeling

Question 39

includes metabolic channeling, can generate marked variations in metabolic concentration

Answer 39

compartmentation

Question 40

allosteric regulation and covalent modification

Answer 40

post translational regulation

Question 41

most regulatory enzymes, small molecule that alters activity (bonds noncovalently at regulatory site, changes shape of enzyme and alters activity of catabolic site), positive effector increases enzyme activity, negative effector inhibits the enzyme

Answer 41

allosteric regulation

Question 42

reversible on/off switch, add/remove chemical group, respond to more stimuli in varied and sophisticated ways, regulation of enzyme that catalyze covalent modifications, add a second level of control

Answer 42

covalent modifications of enzymes

Question 43

aka end product inhibition, inhibition of 1 or more critical enzymes in a pathway, each end product regulates own branch of pathway, each end product regulates initial pacemaker enzyme

Answer 43

feedback inhibition

Question 44

catalyzes slowest rate limiting reaction of pathway

Answer 44

pacemaker enzyme

Question 45

different enzymes that catalyze same reaction

Answer 45

isoenzymes