Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Cell Chemistry Review > Flashcards

Cell Chemistry Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hold atoms in the same molecule (include ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions)

A

intramolecular bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

form between two different molecules (include hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic forces, Van Der Waals forces)

A

intermolecular bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

formed by attraction of oppositely charged ions, fill valence shell, dissociate in presence of water

A

ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

strong bond between chemical elements where electrons are shared between atoms to fill valence shells, can have double and triple bonds

A

covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

types of covalent bonds

A

electronegativity, non-polar, polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the force of attraction of a nucleus on the electrons moving around it

A

electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

electrons are shared equally and there is no polarity, occurs between atoms of similar electronegativity

A

non-polar bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

electrons are shared unequally between two atoms so there is a positive and negative pole (zero net charge), occurs with atoms of varying electronegative values

A

polar bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is polarity important?

A

water is a polar solvent, macromolecules are polar and readily dissolve in water, promotes molecular stability through hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

composed of mostly ionic bonds, generally water soluable, hydrophilic

A

ionic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mostly polar covalent bonds, generally water soluable, hydrophilic

A

polar compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mostly non polar covalent bonds, not water soluble (hydrophobic)

A

nonpolar compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

composed of part hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, part water soluable while other parts not

A

amphipathic compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes up a solution?

A

a solute and a solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

small molecules that are the building blocks of larger molecules

A

monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

large molecules

A

macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

larger molecules composed of covalently bonded similar or identical monomers

A

polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

a weak bond that forms due to electrostatic interactions between hydrogen atoms (positive polarity) and more electron-attracting atoms (negative charge)

A

hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

weak bonds that occur when nonpolar molecules or regions associate tightly in a polar solvent, nonpolar molecules disrupt hydrogen bonding among water molecules, squeeze together by water molecules trying to minimize volume

A

hydrophobic interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

weak attractive forces that occur between atoms when they are nearly touching, due to temporary polarities in atoms and molecules

A

Van der Waals forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

__________is a component of all macromolecules

A

carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

functional group that can act as an acid, makes the molecule more polar

A

carboxyl group

OH-C=O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

makes molecule an alcohol and more polar

A

hydroxyl group

-C-OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

makes molecule an organic base and more polar

A

amino group

-N-HH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

carbon oxygen carbon with a double bonded oxgygen on the first carbon

A

ester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

carbon oxygen carbon with 2 hydrogens on both carbons

A

ether

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

water, salts, acids, bases, and buffers

A

inorganic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

carbohydrates, lipids, polypeptides, and proteins

A

organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

makes up 90% of a cell, has a high specific heat, good solvent for polar and ionic molecules, can form hydrogen bonds, key features are polarity and cohesion

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

importance of cohesion

A

water molecules have a high affinity for one another due to hydrogen bonds between, allows for high surface tension and specific heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ionic compounds consisting of a cation and an anion held together by and ionic bond, dissolve in water into there respective ions

A

salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

proton donors, increases the concentration of H+ ions in solutions

A

acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

proton acceptors, decrease the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

A

bases

34
Q

compounds that resist changes in pH by sometimes behaving like an acid or a base

A

buffer

35
Q

What are the 4 kinds of macromolecules?

A

proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates

36
Q

organic compounds, C1H2O1, polar and hydrophilic, 4-7 carbon atoms, used for energy storage and polysaccharide building blocks

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

37
Q

carbohydrates with many monomeric units connected by glycosidic bonds

A

polysaccharides

38
Q

carbohydrates containing 2 monosaccharides

A

disaccharide

39
Q

carbohydrates containing 3 monosaccharides

A

trisaccharides

40
Q

carbohydrates containing several monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

41
Q

covalent bonds linking sugars together in a polysaccharide, alpha and beta linkage

A

glycosidic bond

42
Q

polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers, joined to each other by alpha glycosidic bond, function is for energy storage

A

starch

43
Q

examples include cellulose and chitin, polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined to each other by beta glycosidic bonds

A

structural polysaccharide

44
Q

polysaccharide + protein

A

glycoproteins

45
Q

polysaccharide + lipid

A

glycolipid

46
Q

include simple fats, oils, sterols, and phospholipids, both nonpolar and hydrophobic, fatty acids are major constituents

A

lipids

47
Q

3 fatty acids bound to the C3 alcohol glycerol, used for energy storage, also known as triglycerides

A

simple lipids

48
Q

a lipid characteristic with no double bond, linear

A

saturated

49
Q

a lipid characteristic with one or more double bonds between the carbohydrates

A

unsaturated

50
Q

quality that means both hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics are displayed

A

amphipathic

51
Q

simple lipids that contain additional elements or small hydrophilic compounds

A

complex lipids

52
Q

complex lipids containing PO4 groups, seen in membranes and are amphipathic

A

phospholipids

53
Q

made up of a polymer of nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

54
Q

a polymer of deoxiribonucleotides, genetic material in all cells and some viruses, double strand, complementary strands, Hydrogen bond connection

A

DNA

55
Q

polymer of ribonucleotides, plays role in protein synthesis, genetic material of most viruses, composed of one C5 sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group, typically a single strand, exhibits secondary structure (folds over), has four classes

A

RNA

56
Q

nitrogen base bonded to C5 sugar

A

nucleoside

57
Q

nitrogen base attached to C5 sugar by N-glycosidic linkage, are a major component of nucleic acids, key forms of chemical energy

A

nucleotide

58
Q

adenine and guanine, contain 2 fused heterocyclic rings

A

purine bases

59
Q

cytosine, thymine, and uracil, contain a 6 membraned heerocyclic ring

A

pyrimidine bases

60
Q

phosphate linkage that connects 2 sugars with ester linkage

A

phosphodiester bond

61
Q

sequence of nucelotides in RNA/DNA molecule

A

primary structure

62
Q

What are the 4 classes of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and small RNA

63
Q

A peptide bond releases ___________

A

water

64
Q

a macromolecule that mostly consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, contain 2 important functional groups (amino group and carboxylic group)

A

amino acids

65
Q

related, but not completely identical, include optical isomers known as enantiomers or sterioisomers

A

isomers

66
Q

enzymes capable of interconverting specific enantiomers

A

racemases

67
Q

structural term meaning a series of amino acids (10s, 100s, 1000s, 10,000s amino acids longs) joined to each other by peptide bonds

A

polypeptide

68
Q

a functional unit consisting of one or more polypeptide having one or more functions

A

protein

69
Q

catalytic proteins, catalysts for chemical reactions

A

enzymes

70
Q

integral parts of cellular structures (such as eukaryotic chromosomes)

A

structural proteins

71
Q

two amino acids bonded by peptide linkage

A

dipeptide

72
Q

three amino acids bonded by peptide linkage

A

tripeptide

73
Q

many amino acids bonded by peptide linkage

A

polypeptide

74
Q

linear array of amino acids in a polypeptide

A

primary structure

75
Q

folds in polypeptide that form a more stable structure, held together by hydrogen bonding between amino group hydrogen and carbonyl oxygen

A

secondary structure

76
Q

additional folding of polypeptide to result in greater stability and unique three dimensional shape, forms exposed regions or grooves in the molecule that are important for binding other molecules

A

tertiary structure

77
Q

covalent bonds between -SH group from two different amino acids

A

disulfide bond

78
Q

occurs in proteins composed of two or more polypeptides

A

quaternary structure

79
Q

each polypeptide in the protein, held together by covalent or noncovalent linkages

A

subunit

80
Q

protein containing two identical subunits

A

homodimer

81
Q

protein containing two nonidentical subunits

A

heterodimer

82
Q

What factors can lead to the denaturation of polypeptide chains?

A

extreme change in pH value, temperature or exposure to chemicals. results in loss of biological function and can be reversible or irreversible

Microbiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions