Chapter 12- Anabolism and Energy in Biosynthesis

Question 1

endergonic (input of chemicals or light energy from catabolism), reduction, catalyzed by enzyme, specific enzymatic regulation, use a carbon source and inorganic molecules, antibiotics inhibit anabolic pathway, lots of energy needed

Answer 1

principles of anabolism

Question 2

cells would rather take in molecules than synthesize their own

Answer 2

regulation

Question 3

continual degradation and resynthesis of cell constituents by non-growing cells

Answer 3

turnover

Question 4

rate of turnover to be balanced by rate of biosynthesis, in response to an organisms environment

Answer 4

metabolism regulation

Question 5

not all catabolic and anabolic pathways are identical because _______________

Answer 5

some enzymes only function in 1 direction

Question 6

macromolecules synthesized from limited number of simple structural units, many enzymes play a role, large assemblies form spontaneously from macromolecules by self assembly

Answer 6

principles governing biosynthesis

Question 7

located in separate compartments, simultaneous but independent pathways

Answer 7

physical separation of catabolic and anabolic pathways

Question 8

catabolic pathways produce NADH, NADPH used as electron donor in anabolism

Answer 8

different cofactors of pathways

Question 9

a critical generation in anabolism, carbon skeletons used as starting substrates, most used for biosynthesis of amino acids

Answer 9

precursor metabolites

Question 10

____________ is the key molecule to biosynthesis of monosaccharides and polysaccharides

Answer 10

glucose

Question 11

synthesis of glucose from other molecules (can be from phosphenolpyruvate)

Answer 11

gluconeogenesis

Question 12

energy storage polysaccharides and structural polysacs are synthesized from _____________

Answer 12

active glucose

Question 13

CO2 to organic carbon

Answer 13

carbon fixation

Question 14

Who does carbon fixation?

Answer 14

photoautotrophs and chemolithotrophs

Question 15

calvin cycle, reductive TCA cycle, hydroxypropionate cycle, acetyl CoA pathway, 3 hydroxypropionate

Answer 15

cycles that do carbon fixation

Question 16

used by most autotrophs to fix CO2, reductive pentose phosphate cycle, performed in stroma of chloroplasts (eukaryotes), inclusion bodies may be the site of CO2 fixation

Answer 16

calvin cycle

Question 17

What are the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 17

(1) carboxylation phase
(2) reduction phase
(3) regeneration phase

Question 18

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation phase of the calvin cycle?

Answer 18

ribulose 1.5 bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)

Question 19

3 phosphoglycerate reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (generated by RuBP)

Answer 19

reduction and regeneration phase of Calvin Cycle

Question 20

performed by some chemolithotrophs, reverse direction of oxidative TCA cycle

Answer 20

reductive TCA cycle

Question 21

CO2 fixation cycle performed by some archaea, green non sulfur bacteria and anoxygenic phototrophs

Answer 21

hydroxypropionate cycle

Question 22

methanogens use portions for carbon fixation, unusual enzymes and coenymes

Answer 22

reductive acetyl CoA pathway

Question 23

What are some gluconegenic intermediates?

Answer 23

glucose, fructose, mannose

Question 24

galactose is made from ______________

Answer 24

nucleoside diphosphate derivatives

Question 25

bacteria and algae synthesize glycogen and starch from ________

Answer 25

ADP

Question 26

chemeoheterotrophs can use endogenous or exogeneous amino acids, chemolithotrohps and photoautotrophs use only ________ sources

Answer 26

endogeneous

Question 27

all microbes synthesize their own _______ for safety reasons

Answer 27

nucleotides

Question 28

carbon skeletons from intermediates of glycolysis or Citric acid cycle, amino group from inorganic nitrogen source from environment

Answer 28

amino acid biosynthesis

Question 29

addition of nitrogen to carbon skeleton is important step, potential storage of nitrogen (ammonia, nitrate, nitrogen from the environment), ammonia nitrogen easily incorporated because it is highly reduced

Answer 29

nitrogen assimilation

Question 30

how can ammonia be directly incorporated into the carbon skeleton?

Answer 30

(1) transaminase activity from one AA to another
(2) glutamate dehydrogenase
(3) glutamine synthetase

Question 31

used by bacteria to reduce nitrate to ammonia and then incorporated it into organic form, nitrate reduction to nitrite catalyzed by nitrate reductase

Answer 31

assimilatory nitrate reduction

Question 32

used in bio molecule

Answer 32

assimilatory

Question 33

not in bio molecule

Answer 33

dissimilatory

Question 34

reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, catalyzed by nitrogenase, only archaea and bacteria

Answer 34

nitrogen fixation

Question 35

3 steps to reduce N2 to 2 molecules of NH3, large ATP expenditure, NH3 can be incorporated into organic compounds after reduction

Answer 35

mechansim of nitrogenase activity

Question 36

sulfate reduced to H2S and used to synthesize cysteine, cysteine can be used to form sulfur containing organic compounds

Answer 36

assimilatory sulfur reduction

Question 37

adeninie and guanine, cyclic nitrogenous bases of 2 joined rings

Answer 37

purines

Question 38

uracil, cytosine, and thymine, cyclic nitrogenous bases of single ring

Answer 38

pyrimidines

Question 39

found in proteins, nucleic acids, ATP and some coenzymes, inorganic phosphate and organic phosphate esters

Answer 39

phosphorus assimilation

Question 40

incorporated in ATP formation in photophosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and SLP

Answer 40

inorganic phosphate

Question 41

present in environment in dissolved or particulate form, hydrolyzed by phosphatases, release Pi

Answer 41

organic phosphate esters

Question 42

complex, several different moleclues contribute to final purine skeleton, initial products are ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides formed by reduction of nucleoside

Answer 42

purine biosynthesis

Question 43

start with asparic acida and carbamoyl phosphate, ribonucleotide are initial products, deoxyribonucleotides formed of uracil and cytosine fromed by reduction of ribose to deoxyribose

Answer 43

pyrimidine biosynthesis

Question 44

major requirement component in cell membrane, most bacterial and eukaryal lipids contain fatty acids

Answer 44

lipid synthesis

Question 45

from acetyl CoA, malonyl CoA, NADPH from fatty acids synthase, intermediates attached to acyl carrier protein, different ways to double bond

Answer 45

fatty acid synthesis

Question 46

made from fatty acids and glycerol phosphate, some gram + bacteria can store carbon and energy as triacylglycerol

Answer 46

triglycerols

Question 47

phosphatidic acid and addition of amino acid

Answer 47

phopholipids