Chapter 8 Cell structure and function Flashcards
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Cells
Basic unit of life
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Organs
Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.
Organ systems
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
Organism
A living thing
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Biome
A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
Biotic
living
Abiotic
Non-living
desert
Hot/cold dry, Low organic content, daily temperature swings, low precipitation rate.
Organisms adapted to retain water, low water intake, commonly nocturnal
Tundra
a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.
tropical rain forest biome
biome characterized by large amounts of rainfall, thick canopies and understories, little nutrients in the soil, and high biodiversity
Grassland Biome
land biome characterized by moderate rainfall, fields of grasses, and few trees
Types of grasslands
Desert, Flooded, Montane, Tropical, Temperate
aquatic
relating to water
temperate deciduous forest
forest in a temperate region, characterized by trees that drop their leaves annually
coniferous forest
Forest populated by cone-bearing evergreen trees; mostly found in northern latitudes
Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
microscope
An instrument that makes small objects look larger
Zacharias Janssen (Dutch 1590)
Eyeglass maker, created compound light microscope
Robert Hooke (English 1665)
first to observe “small chambers” in cork and call them cells.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek (Dutch 1670)
observed and described the first LIVING CELLS (little animalcules)
Matthias Schleiden (German 1838)
1838 - concluded that all plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann (German 1839)
concluded that all animals are made of cells
Rudolph Virchow (German/Eastern European 1855)
determined that cells come only from other cells
Mitosis - producing somatic cells
Meiosis - Makes sex cells
Countered the Theory of Spontaneous generation
cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
specimen
a single thing that is taken as an example of a whole category
compound light microscope
microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image
objective lens
The lens on a light microscope that is closest to the stage.
ocular lens
Eyepiece of a microscope
Resolution
clarity of image
Diffraction
Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it
light condenser
adjust light for the clearest image
most living cells are ______
transparent
chemical stains
used to make transparent cell structures more visible (cell membrane, nucleus, etc.)
electron microscope
microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen
transmission electron microscope
An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells
scanning electron microscope
An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces
micrograph
photograph of the view through a microscope
All cells contain
DNA, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm
prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
Cyanobacteria
Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis
When did cyanobacteria evolve?
3 billion years ago
Eukaryotic cells are what?
More complex and larger than prokaryotes
Organelles means
little organs (French)
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
nuclear membrane
controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
Nucleosis
where ribosomes are made
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
2 types of ribosomes
free and bound
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
lipid bilayer (cell membrane)
the hydrophilic heads are on the inner and outer surface and the hydrophobic tails in the middle
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes
Smooth ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
Vesicles
End of ER pinches off to wrap around protein molecules
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
contractile proteins
Pumps water and waste materials out of the cell
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
Flagella
whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
Microfilaments
Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell
Made of TUBULIN
Form Mitotic Spindle
mitotic spindle
An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.
Centrioles
Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only
tubulin
protein that makes up microtubules
Actin
thin filaments
Hydrolsis
the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Semi-permeable
membranes that allow some substances through but not others
intracellular
within the cell
interceullar
between cells
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
what are chloroplasts enclosed by?
double phospholipid membranes
Stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
Grana
stacks of thylakoids
Mitochondron is composed of
Stacks of Thylakoids, organized into collections of photosynthetic pigment, stacks of these are called Granas.
Whats something Mitochondria/Chloroplasts contain that other organelles don’t have?
Simple DNA
What is the mitochondria composed of?
a smooth, continuous outer membrane with an inner folded membrane
Where do humans get Mitochondria DNA from?
Your mother, making it a maternal trait
Similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
-both transform energy
-both make ATP
-both have double membranes
-both aren’t part of the endo-membrane system
-both move, change shape, and divide on their own
-both have small ribosomes, circular DNA & make their own protein enzymes
endosymbiotic theory
theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
Benefits to the chloroplast/mitochondria joining a cell
Protection
Access to larger array of organelles
Permable
Characteristic of materials such as sand and gravel that allow water to pass easily through them.
selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
fluid mosaic model
model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
cell wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
Porous
lets anything pass through
For cells; water, mineral salts, oxygen, CO2
cell wall is made of
cellulose
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
Aquaporins
water channel proteins
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
cellular junctions
the connection between neighboring cells; holds cells together
Hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
