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Bio HO9 > Chapter 8 Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Cell structure and function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organelle

A

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

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2
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of life

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

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4
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

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5
Q

Organs

A

Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.

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6
Q

Organ systems

A

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

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7
Q

Organism

A

A living thing

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8
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

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9
Q

Community

A

All the different populations that live together in an area

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10
Q

Ecosystem

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

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11
Q

Biome

A

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

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12
Q

Biotic

A

living

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13
Q

Abiotic

A

Non-living

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14
Q

desert

A

Hot/cold dry, Low organic content, daily temperature swings, low precipitation rate.
Organisms adapted to retain water, low water intake, commonly nocturnal

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15
Q

Tundra

A

a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.

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16
Q

tropical rain forest biome

A

biome characterized by large amounts of rainfall, thick canopies and understories, little nutrients in the soil, and high biodiversity

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17
Q

Grassland Biome

A

land biome characterized by moderate rainfall, fields of grasses, and few trees

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18
Q

Types of grasslands

A

Desert, Flooded, Montane, Tropical, Temperate

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19
Q

aquatic

A

relating to water

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20
Q

temperate deciduous forest

A

forest in a temperate region, characterized by trees that drop their leaves annually

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21
Q

coniferous forest

A

Forest populated by cone-bearing evergreen trees; mostly found in northern latitudes

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22
Q

Biosphere

A

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

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23
Q

microscope

A

An instrument that makes small objects look larger

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24
Q

Zacharias Janssen (Dutch 1590)

A

Eyeglass maker, created compound light microscope

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25
Q

Robert Hooke (English 1665)

A

first to observe “small chambers” in cork and call them cells.

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26
Q

Anton von Leeuwenhoek (Dutch 1670)

A

observed and described the first LIVING CELLS (little animalcules)

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27
Q

Matthias Schleiden (German 1838)

A

1838 - concluded that all plants are made of cells

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28
Q

Theodor Schwann (German 1839)

A

concluded that all animals are made of cells

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29
Q

Rudolph Virchow (German/Eastern European 1855)

A

determined that cells come only from other cells
Mitosis - producing somatic cells
Meiosis - Makes sex cells
Countered the Theory of Spontaneous generation

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30
Q

cell theory

A

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

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31
Q

specimen

A

a single thing that is taken as an example of a whole category

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32
Q

compound light microscope

A

microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image

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33
Q

objective lens

A

The lens on a light microscope that is closest to the stage.

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34
Q

ocular lens

A

Eyepiece of a microscope

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35
Q

Resolution

A

clarity of image

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36
Q

Diffraction

A

Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it

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37
Q

light condenser

A

adjust light for the clearest image

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38
Q

most living cells are ______

A

transparent

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39
Q

chemical stains

A

used to make transparent cell structures more visible (cell membrane, nucleus, etc.)

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40
Q

electron microscope

A

microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen

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41
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells

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42
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces

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43
Q

micrograph

A

photograph of the view through a microscope

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44
Q

All cells contain

A

DNA, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

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45
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

46
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis

47
Q

When did cyanobacteria evolve?

A

3 billion years ago

48
Q

Eukaryotic cells are what?

A

More complex and larger than prokaryotes

49
Q

Organelles means

A

little organs (French)

50
Q

cell membrane

A

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

51
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

52
Q

nuclear membrane

A

controls what goes in and out of the nucleus

53
Q

Chromatin

A

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

54
Q

Nucleosis

A

where ribosomes are made

55
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

56
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins

57
Q

2 types of ribosomes

A

free and bound

58
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

59
Q

lipid bilayer (cell membrane)

A

the hydrophilic heads are on the inner and outer surface and the hydrophobic tails in the middle

60
Q

Rough ER

A

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

61
Q

Smooth ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

62
Q

Vesicles

A

End of ER pinches off to wrap around protein molecules

63
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

64
Q

Vacuole

A

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

65
Q

contractile proteins

A

Pumps water and waste materials out of the cell

66
Q

Lysosomes

A

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

67
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

68
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

69
Q

Flagella

A

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

70
Q

Microfilaments

A

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell
Made of TUBULIN
Form Mitotic Spindle

71
Q

mitotic spindle

A

An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.

72
Q

Centrioles

A

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

73
Q

tubulin

A

protein that makes up microtubules

74
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments

75
Q

Hydrolsis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

76
Q

Semi-permeable

A

membranes that allow some substances through but not others

77
Q

intracellular

A

within the cell

78
Q

interceullar

A

between cells

79
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

80
Q

what are chloroplasts enclosed by?

A

double phospholipid membranes

81
Q

Stroma

A

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

82
Q

Thylakoid

A

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

83
Q

Grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

84
Q

Mitochondron is composed of

A

Stacks of Thylakoids, organized into collections of photosynthetic pigment, stacks of these are called Granas.

85
Q

Whats something Mitochondria/Chloroplasts contain that other organelles don’t have?

A

Simple DNA

86
Q

What is the mitochondria composed of?

A

a smooth, continuous outer membrane with an inner folded membrane

87
Q

Where do humans get Mitochondria DNA from?

A

Your mother, making it a maternal trait

88
Q

Similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplast

A

-both transform energy
-both make ATP
-both have double membranes
-both aren’t part of the endo-membrane system
-both move, change shape, and divide on their own
-both have small ribosomes, circular DNA & make their own protein enzymes

89
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

90
Q

Benefits to the chloroplast/mitochondria joining a cell

A

Protection
Access to larger array of organelles

91
Q

Permable

A

Characteristic of materials such as sand and gravel that allow water to pass easily through them.

92
Q

selectively permeable

A

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

93
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

94
Q

cell wall

A

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

95
Q

Porous

A

lets anything pass through
For cells; water, mineral salts, oxygen, CO2

96
Q

cell wall is made of

A

cellulose

97
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

98
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

99
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

100
Q

Aquaporins

A

water channel proteins

101
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

102
Q

Isotonic

A

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

103
Q

Hypertonic

A

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

104
Q

Hypotonic

A

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

105
Q

active transport

A

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

106
Q

Endocytosis

A

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

107
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

108
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

109
Q

cellular junctions

A

the connection between neighboring cells; holds cells together

110
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

Bio HO9 (11 decks)

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