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Bio HO9 > Chapter 13 DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 13 DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transformation

A

Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

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2
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Kind of virus that infects bacteria

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3
Q

3 Roles of DNA

A

Storing Information
Copying Information
Gene Expression

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4
Q

Base pairing

A

Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between Adenine and Thymine and between Guanine and Cytosine`

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5
Q

Monomer of DNA

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

How are Nucleotides bonded?

A

Covalent bonds

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7
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Long slightly acidic molecules built from nucleotides

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8
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

Nitrogenous base, 5-C sugar, Phosphate group

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9
Q

5-C sugar

A

Deoxyribose

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10
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

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11
Q

What does the Phosphate group act as?

A

Edge of ladder

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12
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

Adenine must be paired with Thymine and Cytosine must be paired with Guanine
If they aren’t paired there will be an error in the DNA

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13
Q

Double helix structure

A

Twisted ladder

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14
Q

How are base pairs bonded?

A

Hydrogen bonds due to their weak velcro like nature

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15
Q

Replication

A

Process of copying DNA prior to cell division

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16
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Principle enzyme involved in DNA replication

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17
Q

Telomere

A

Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

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18
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

The strands are separated and the complimentary base pairs are filled in by DNA polymerase forming 2 complete strands of DNA.

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19
Q

DNA Replication type

A

Semiconservative

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20
Q

DNA proof reader

A

DNA polymerase

21
Q

Why do telomeres need to be put in place?

A

End of DNA is difficult to replicate so cells use telomeres which are repeating DNA sequences. These are done to prevent genes near the end of chromosomes being damaged or lost during replication.

22
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication

A

Regulatory proteins bind at single starting point on chromosome which triggers S phase. DNA polymerase go opposite and go in two directions until entire chromosome is copied.

23
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication

A

Many starting points of DNA replication on the molecule. Many proteins to regulate and ensure correct duplication before and after.

24
Q

Odds of wrong DNA copy

A

1 in 100 milion

25
Q

Who discovered Transformation?

A

British - Fredrick Griffith

26
Q

How did Fredrick Griffith conduct his experiment

A

Heat killed harmful bacteria (S type)
Kept harmless bacteria alive (R type)
Infected mix of dead harmful and alive harmless - harmless took on traits of harmful and became harmful.

27
Q

What did Hershey and Chase’s experiment confirm from Avery’s experiment.

A

DNA was the genetic material that contained information.

28
Q

How is DNA read?

A

5’ to 3’
Pointy side to flat side

29
Q

How are nucleotides joined?

A

Covalent bonds

30
Q

Why are base pairs held by hydrogen bonds?

A

To take advantage of their weak Velcro like bond.

31
Q

Franklins most famous photo?

A

Photo 51

32
Q

What structure did Franklin discover

A

The helical structure of DNA

33
Q

The thefts

A

American - James Watson
British - Francis Crick

34
Q

Antiparallel strands

A

Two strands of DNA run in opposite direction

35
Q

The “weasel”

A

English - Wilkins

36
Q

Karyotype

A

Laboratory-produced image of a person’s chromosomes isolated from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order

37
Q

Franklins Death

A

1958 - died of cancer

38
Q

What year did Griffith conduct his experiments?

A

1928

39
Q

Who discovered transformation?

A

British - Frederick Griffith

40
Q

Who continued research on transformation?

A

Canadian - Oswald Avery

41
Q

How did Avery conduct his research?

A

Broke down each component of a cell to narrow down what causes transformation.
Once he broke down DNA transformation did not occur.

42
Q

Who confirmed importance of DNA

A

Americans - Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

43
Q

How was importance of DNA confirmed?

A

Radioactive tracers put on proteins and DNA of bacteriophages to see what carries the information when the Bacteriophage injects it to infected cell
DNA with radioactive tracer found in infected cell

44
Q

How are nucleotides joined?

A

Covalent bonds between sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next.

45
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

A=T
G=C

46
Q

How did Franklin take her pictures?

A

X-ray diffraction

47
Q

Advantage of anti parallel pattern

A

Enables nitrogenous bases on both strands to come into contact neared the center of the molecule

48
Q

What forms telomeres?

A

Telomerase

49
Q

Telomeres are found in only what type of chromosomes?

A

Eukaryotic

Bio HO9 (11 decks)

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