Chapter 17 Evolution Flashcards
Charles Darwin was from what country
England
Charles Darwin occupation
Naturalist and biologist
What university did did Charles Darwin at
University of Edinburgh - medicine
University of Cambridge - Biology
Name of Darwins boat
HMS Beagle
Where did Darwin study
Galapagos Islands
Why were the Galapagos islands a good place to study?
Isolated enviornment
Natural selection
- Process where nature stresses populations/species
- Organisms with the traits to adapt to the stress/change live in order to be able to reproduce (pass on favorable traits/ genes)
- Those without the favorable trait may not live until reproductive age/opportunity
- Survival of the Fittest
Adaptation
organisms become better suited to their environment over time
Artificial selection
humans intentionally choose specific traits in plants or animals through controlled breeding
Survival of the fittest
idea that individuals who are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
Speciation
new species arise, occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from each other, preventing gene flow and allowing for the accumulation of genetic differences over time
Evolution
Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
fossil
preserved remains of traces of ancient organisms
Darwin B-day
February 12 1809
When did Darwin leave England?
1831 to go on a voyage on the HMS beagle
How long was Darwins voyage
5 years
What was the purpose of Darwins Captains voyage
map coastlines and harbors
Scientific theory
well established scientific explanation of events in the natural world tat can be tested by experiment and observations
3 biomes Darwin visited
Tropical Rainforest: - most notably the Amazon rainforest in South America.
Galápagos Islands: - observed the unique characteristics of the island species, the famous finches, and different beak shapes/behaviors for diff food sources.
Coral Reefs: - the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia
3 types of variation
Evolve - The gradual change in the inherited characteristics of populations over successive generation
Change - Any modification alteration in the characteristics state, or condition of something
Adapt - Process by which organisms adjust to their environment through modification in their traits or behaviors to enhance their survival and reproductive success
Acquired traits/characteristics can change in what period of time
within an organisms life span
Artificial selection
Humans interfering in nature’s progress to selectr traits that we want
Lamarck contribution to Evolution Theory
Creatures change in response to environment
Acquired traits aren’t passed down
Acquired trait
the character developed in an individual as a result of environmental influence, not coded on DNA can’t be passed on to future generations
What did Darwin collect in the Brazilian forest
68 species of beetles
3 patterns of biodiversity
- Species vary globally - same as local but bigger
- species vary locally - avoids resource depletion
- species vary over time - change is a long, slow process
Small “pockets” within a larger environment are called
a microenvironment, microclimate
How old is the Earth?
4.5 billion years old
What did Hutton and Lyell contribute to our understanding of evolution?
saying that the Earth was extremely old and that the processes of the past that affected the Earth still affect the Earth today
Geological change is
- Creation/destruction of mountain
- Formation of deserts
- Formation of river valleys/canyons (grand canyon)
- Erosion (water/wind)
Lyell’s Principle of Geology?
- Laws of Nature are consistent through time and the process are ongoing
- Geological change is difficult to notice within a single human life span
Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypothesis?
- Physical changes/ adaptations happen over long period of time
- acquired characteristics - organisms by use or non-use of a body part can adapt to environment; can be passed on
Malthus’s thoughts on population growth?
- Influences human population growth
- War
- Famine/poverty
- Disease
- Additional influencers on human population growth
- Droughts
- overpopulation - birth rate exceeds death rate
- Modern medicine
- Higher quality food availability
- Technology
- Economic growth
What are acquired characteristics?
- Disproven theory - Lamarck
- Organisms can get new traits/ characteristics during their lifetime and pass them on to their offspring
Common Descent?
- Theory that one species could be the ancestor of multiple species over an extended period of time
- “we/all are all related” on Earth’s family tree
- All live from a Prokaryotic bacteria
How are Natural Selection and Artificial Selection similar? How are they different?
- Similarities:
- both processes involve passing desirable traits to offspring
- Technically both strengthen the survivability of a species
- Differences:
- Natural selection is a slow process over a long period of time
- Artificial selection yields results more quickly
- Ns - controlled by nature; As - controlled by man
What is Biogeography?
- Study of organisms’ (past & present) distribution on planet Earth
- Buffalo/yack/water buffalo/ gazelle/ ox/ elephant
What are homologous structures?
- Homologous structures are structures that are similar in different species of a common ancestor.
- Physical structures are similar; but, utilized for a different purpose
- Whale’s flipper & human arm
What are analogous structures?
- Analogous structures are body parts that share a common function, but not structure.
- Different structure; similar function
- Butterfly wings & bird wings
What are vestigial structures?
- Vestigial structures are structures inherited from our ancestors but lost much or all of its function.
- Structures become smaller over time and will eventually disappear
- Humans: appendix - digest plants, tailbone, muscles form moving ears, body hair, pinky toe, wisdom teeth, tonsils
