Chapter 27 Human Anatomy Flashcards
Evolution
Change in species over time
How does evolution occur
Mutation that benefit the orgnaism
Natural Selection
Live long enough to successfully reproduce and poss on favorable trait
Artificial selection
Man steps into the process and selects the trait that they favor in a given species.
Charles Darwin
English, Spoiled
Kicked out of college, parents paid for him to leave England
Sailed to Galapagos, W Coast of South America (Ecuador) on HMS Beagle
Levels of Biological organization
Subatomic Particles
Atom
Element
Molecule/Compound
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Multicellular Organism
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Digestive system Purpose
Breakdown food/liquids into smaller units
Components of Digestive system
Lips/Cheeks, Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary Gland, tastebuds, Throat/pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anus, Liver/Gall bladder, Pancreas.
Respiratory/Pulmonary system
Exchange gases involved in aerobic Cellular respiration
Breathing - Physical process of pumping air in/out
Parts of Respiratory system
Nose, Mout, Pharynx, Larynx, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Lung, Diaphragm
Circulatory/Cardiovascular system purpose
Transport raw materials and waste products throughout the body
Parts of Circulatory/Cardiovascular system
Heart, Blood vessels, Blood
Skeletal system purpose
Structure/shape support, Movement, Production of RBC, Storage of minerals and fat.
Parts of Skeletal system
Bones - 206, Bone marrow, Joints, Cartilage, Tendons/ligaments
Purpose of reproductive system
Create Gametes, Combine gametes, Provide location for fetal development
Parts of Reproductive system
-Ovaries
-Fallopian tubes
-Cervix
-Uterus
-Vagina
——————————————————————
-Testicles/Testes
-Vas deferens
-Urethra
-Penis
-Scrotum
-Sperm, mostly protein
Purpose of Muscular system
Locomotion/movement, Moving stuff through the body, structure/shape/support.
Parts of Muscular system
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Purpose of nervous system
Controlling all life functions
Transmit electrical messages to all body components
Receive electrical messages
stimulus/stiumuli
Parts of nervous system
-Brain
-Nerves
-Spinal Cord
-Neuron/Axon
-Sensory organs; nose, tongue, eyes, ears(sound and balance), skin
Parts of nervous system
-Brain
-Nerves
-Spinal Cord
-Neuron/Axon
-Sensory organs; nose, tongue, eyes, ears(sound and balance), skin
Lymphatic system purpose
Assist the immune system
Wash over cells to remove external wastes and transport them to disposal area
Lymphatic system parts
-Lymph nodes/glands
-lymph
Excretory system purpose
Collects and expels waste products
Excretory system parts
-Kidney
-urinary Bladder
-urethra
-ureters
-anus/rectum
-nose/mouth
-lungs
-Skin/sweat glands
-liver (assistant)- detox
Endocrine system purpose
Secrete hormones
Hormones are chemical messages that are target specific
Endocrine system parts
-Pituitary (master glad)
-Pineal
-Thyroid
-Thymus
-Adrenal
-Pancreas
-Testes/Ovaries
Immune system purpose
Internal defense from pathogens
Immune system parts
-WBC
-Lymph nodes - filters lymph(plasma)
Integumentary system purpose
Outermost defense system
Insulation
Parts of integumentary system
-Skin
-Hair/Fur/Feathers
-Claws/nails/Talons….
-Tears
Homeostasis
Balance of internal/external environments
All life systems working together.
Negative feedback loop
To little of x -> make more
To much of x -> stop making
Insulin
Hormone that regulates blood sugar levels
What is food broken down into
Food - Macromolecules - monomers
Front teeth
Incisors - Bite/cut
Mid teeth
Canines - Pierce and hold prey organism
Back teeth
Molars - Flat broad grinding teeth
What does the mouth turn food into
Bolus
Tongue
Has taste buds - Salt sweet sour bitter spicy
Pushes food between teeth
Creates Bolus, launches bolus into throat
Bolus
Ball of chewed moistened food
Salivary glands
Saliva - enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates
Gum/Jaw bones
Lower jaw hinged to move
Lips/Cheeks
Keep food in mouth when chewing
Pharynx
Throat - mouth to esophagus
Esophagus
Food tube - connects pharynx to stomach
Peristalsis
Wave like muscle contractions that push Bolus down esophagus
Reverse Peristalsis
Vomiting/Puking/Throwing up
Get rid of potentially harmful stuff
Why does vomiting burn
Stomach acids burn esophagus’ walls
Small intestinte
Diameter: 1-1.5 inches
Length: 21-ish ft
Large intestine
Diameter: 3-3.5 in
Length: 7-9 ft
Function: Absorb water to solidify waste
Duodenum
First 2-3 ft of SI
Finishes chemical digestion
Jejunum
Central coil part of SI
Site of nutrient absorption
Lleum
Absorb recyclables
Ascending Colon
On right side
Liquid waste flows up through muscle contractions
Transverse Colon
Lateral section, right to left flow of material through muscle contractions
Descending Colon
Left side of body
Waste material flows down through muscle contractions and gravity
Rectum
Store and compact feces
Anus
Control excretion of feces
Sphincter muscle
Sphincter muscle
Ringe muscle
At birth/Old age(Sometimes) - Involuntary
Toddler/Old age - Voluntary
Assistant organs
Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas
Gallbladder
Stores bile
Secretes bile through bile duct
Stomach types of digestion
Physical - Mixing/churning w/Enzyme/Acid
Chemical - Change chemical composition of ingested food
Ulcers
Digestion of stomach wall
What gives nasty taste in vomit
Bile, from liver
Vili
Contains capillaries
Diffuse nutrients into blood stream
Maximizes surface area of SI
Also slows down flow of Chyme
How does the SI absorb most nutrients
Maximize surface area - Villi
Slow down flow - Narrow, long, folded
Appendix
Vestigial Organ - no longer useful
May have had role in the past
Overall purpose of excretory system
Collect waste products from throughout the body and dispose of them
What is excretory system dependent on
Blood
Type of bodily waste
Waste - Disposed by
CO2 -> Lungs
Feces -> Rectum/Anus
Sweat -> Sweat glands/Evaporation
Urine -> Urinary Bladder/Urethra
Urinary system purpose
Filter the blood in the kidney to create urine for disposal
What is urine composed of
Excess water, Salts, Urea
What is Urea
Less dangerous ammonia like compound
Where Kidneys located
Poster side of body
Kidneys job
Filter bad things from the blood
What filters blood in the Kidneys
Nephrons - Filter through Diffusion
Collection ducts
Collect liquid filtered by Nephrons which go to ureters
What capacity do kidneys usually operate
50% per kidney - Jumps to 100% if other is donated
Kidney machine
Dialysis
What causes Kidney stones
Salts settling out of urine and forming crystals/stones
Ways to remove kidney stones
Water pressure, surgery or high frequency radio waves
Ureter
Tube connecting kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Store urine until full
Urethra
Pee tube
Liver
No direct connection to exterior environment
In upper right quadrant of abdomen
Lobed organ - can donate portion
Makes BAD STUFF - bad stuff
Also produced bile
Type of loop humans have?
Double closed loop circulatory system
Atrium
Atria - singular
Entry and Receive blood
Ventricle
Veio - away
Pushing blood out of heart
Bottom and strongest chambers
Right ventricle
Pump blood to lungs
Left ventricle
Pump blood to the rest of the body - strongest of all chambers
Arteries
Away from the heart - all have oxygenated blood EXCEPT pulmonary artery
Arterioles
Smaller arteries - Narrowing of blood vessels increase blood pressure
Capillaries
Use blood pressure to drive diffusion
Venules
Small veins
Vein
Towards heart - all has deoxygenated EXCEPT pulmonary vein
Not as muscular as arteries
Contains valves to prevent back flow and also rely on skeletal and muscle contractions to help blood move towards the heart.
Components of blood
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Plasma
Platelets
Red blood cells
Shaped like life saver candy with dimple - makes easier to push through the blood
Hemoglobin - protein embedded in cell membrane of RBC, contains iron to carry oxygen
White blood cells
Amorphous - changes shape
Need to engulf foreign material through Endocytosis/Phagocytosis
Platelets
Irregular shaped cell fragments
Repairing leaks through clotting
Irregular shape get caught on the rough opening of an injury
Pericardium
The membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.
Lymph
Fluid/H2O
It’s plasma that has leaked out of the blood/CS at the capillary level
How does lymph travel
Sloshing around body collecting non self materials, eventually sloshes to lymph nodes to be filtered and returned to CS
Type of circulatory system lymphatic system is
Open circulatory system
When is lymph lymph
When fluid is out of CS, when its in CS its plasma
What happens when lymph nodes are activated
Presence of non self alerts immune system, deploy WBC,
Lymph nodes become inflamed
Why do lymph nodes become inflamed
Increase fluid content/activity when activated
Where are lymph nodes
Neck/throat
Armpit web
Groin
Behind knees
Other….
Inhalation
Moving air into lungs
Chest cavity - Rib cage and diaphragm increases volume
How does chest cavity increase/decrease volume
Increase - Move up/out, diaphragm down, air pressure decreases, pulling air in
Decrease - Rib cage in/down, diaphragm up, air pressure increases, pushing air out
Entryways to respiratory system
Nose - Primary
Mouth - Secondary
Nose
Primary respiratory system entrance
Filters air through nose hair, mucus - forms boogers
Also warms air
Mouth - respiratory
Secondary entrance for respiratory system
Can’t filter/warm air
Larynx
Voice box - Adam’s apple
Vocal cords - vibrate as we move air through them
Trachea
Air tube in front of esophagus
Rings of cartilage support and give shape
Tracheotomy
Man made hole in trachea for medical purpsoe
Bronchi
2 main branches off of trachea
Bronchioles
Small branches off of bronchi
Alveoli
Air sacs that contain capillaries in their walls
Lung components
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
Rib cage
12 pairs of ribs - attached to spinal column by cartilage
Last 2 floating
Other 10 attaches to sternum by cartilage
Xiphoid process - little cartilage tab at base of sternum
Intercostal muscles - muscles in between the ribs
Sternum
Breastbone
Epiglottis
a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe
Where is Insulin secreted
Duodenum
