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Bio HO9 > Chapter 27 Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Human Anatomy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in species over time

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2
Q

How does evolution occur

A

Mutation that benefit the orgnaism

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3
Q

Natural Selection

A

Live long enough to successfully reproduce and poss on favorable trait

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4
Q

Artificial selection

A

Man steps into the process and selects the trait that they favor in a given species.

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5
Q

Charles Darwin

A

English, Spoiled
Kicked out of college, parents paid for him to leave England
Sailed to Galapagos, W Coast of South America (Ecuador) on HMS Beagle

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6
Q

Levels of Biological organization

A

Subatomic Particles
Atom
Element
Molecule/Compound
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Multicellular Organism
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

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7
Q

Digestive system Purpose

A

Breakdown food/liquids into smaller units

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8
Q

Components of Digestive system

A

Lips/Cheeks, Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary Gland, tastebuds, Throat/pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anus, Liver/Gall bladder, Pancreas.

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9
Q

Respiratory/Pulmonary system

A

Exchange gases involved in aerobic Cellular respiration
Breathing - Physical process of pumping air in/out

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10
Q

Parts of Respiratory system

A

Nose, Mout, Pharynx, Larynx, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Lung, Diaphragm

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11
Q

Circulatory/Cardiovascular system purpose

A

Transport raw materials and waste products throughout the body

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12
Q

Parts of Circulatory/Cardiovascular system

A

Heart, Blood vessels, Blood

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13
Q

Skeletal system purpose

A

Structure/shape support, Movement, Production of RBC, Storage of minerals and fat.

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14
Q

Parts of Skeletal system

A

Bones - 206, Bone marrow, Joints, Cartilage, Tendons/ligaments

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15
Q

Purpose of reproductive system

A

Create Gametes, Combine gametes, Provide location for fetal development

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16
Q

Parts of Reproductive system

A

-Ovaries
-Fallopian tubes
-Cervix
-Uterus
-Vagina
——————————————————————
-Testicles/Testes
-Vas deferens
-Urethra
-Penis
-Scrotum
-Sperm, mostly protein

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17
Q

Purpose of Muscular system

A

Locomotion/movement, Moving stuff through the body, structure/shape/support.

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18
Q

Parts of Muscular system

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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19
Q

Purpose of nervous system

A

Controlling all life functions
Transmit electrical messages to all body components
Receive electrical messages
stimulus/stiumuli

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20
Q

Parts of nervous system

A

-Brain
-Nerves
-Spinal Cord
-Neuron/Axon
-Sensory organs; nose, tongue, eyes, ears(sound and balance), skin

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21
Q

Parts of nervous system

A

-Brain
-Nerves
-Spinal Cord
-Neuron/Axon
-Sensory organs; nose, tongue, eyes, ears(sound and balance), skin

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22
Q

Lymphatic system purpose

A

Assist the immune system
Wash over cells to remove external wastes and transport them to disposal area

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23
Q

Lymphatic system parts

A

-Lymph nodes/glands
-lymph

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24
Q

Excretory system purpose

A

Collects and expels waste products

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25
Q

Excretory system parts

A

-Kidney
-urinary Bladder
-urethra
-ureters
-anus/rectum
-nose/mouth
-lungs
-Skin/sweat glands
-liver (assistant)- detox

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26
Q

Endocrine system purpose

A

Secrete hormones
Hormones are chemical messages that are target specific

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27
Q

Endocrine system parts

A

-Pituitary (master glad)
-Pineal
-Thyroid
-Thymus
-Adrenal
-Pancreas
-Testes/Ovaries

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28
Q

Immune system purpose

A

Internal defense from pathogens

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29
Q

Immune system parts

A

-WBC
-Lymph nodes - filters lymph(plasma)

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30
Q

Integumentary system purpose

A

Outermost defense system
Insulation

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31
Q

Parts of integumentary system

A

-Skin
-Hair/Fur/Feathers
-Claws/nails/Talons….
-Tears

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32
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance of internal/external environments
All life systems working together.

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33
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

To little of x -> make more
To much of x -> stop making

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34
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that regulates blood sugar levels

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35
Q

What is food broken down into

A

Food - Macromolecules - monomers

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36
Q

Front teeth

A

Incisors - Bite/cut

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37
Q

Mid teeth

A

Canines - Pierce and hold prey organism

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38
Q

Back teeth

A

Molars - Flat broad grinding teeth

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39
Q

What does the mouth turn food into

A

Bolus

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40
Q

Tongue

A

Has taste buds - Salt sweet sour bitter spicy
Pushes food between teeth
Creates Bolus, launches bolus into throat

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41
Q

Bolus

A

Ball of chewed moistened food

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42
Q

Salivary glands

A

Saliva - enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates

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43
Q

Gum/Jaw bones

A

Lower jaw hinged to move

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44
Q

Lips/Cheeks

A

Keep food in mouth when chewing

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45
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat - mouth to esophagus

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46
Q

Esophagus

A

Food tube - connects pharynx to stomach

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47
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave like muscle contractions that push Bolus down esophagus

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48
Q

Reverse Peristalsis

A

Vomiting/Puking/Throwing up
Get rid of potentially harmful stuff

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49
Q

Why does vomiting burn

A

Stomach acids burn esophagus’ walls

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50
Q

Small intestinte

A

Diameter: 1-1.5 inches
Length: 21-ish ft

51
Q

Large intestine

A

Diameter: 3-3.5 in
Length: 7-9 ft
Function: Absorb water to solidify waste

52
Q

Duodenum

A

First 2-3 ft of SI
Finishes chemical digestion

53
Q

Jejunum

A

Central coil part of SI
Site of nutrient absorption

54
Q

Lleum

A

Absorb recyclables

55
Q

Ascending Colon

A

On right side
Liquid waste flows up through muscle contractions

56
Q

Transverse Colon

A

Lateral section, right to left flow of material through muscle contractions

57
Q

Descending Colon

A

Left side of body
Waste material flows down through muscle contractions and gravity

58
Q

Rectum

A

Store and compact feces

59
Q

Anus

A

Control excretion of feces
Sphincter muscle

60
Q

Sphincter muscle

A

Ringe muscle
At birth/Old age(Sometimes) - Involuntary
Toddler/Old age - Voluntary

61
Q

Assistant organs

A

Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas

62
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile
Secretes bile through bile duct

63
Q

Stomach types of digestion

A

Physical - Mixing/churning w/Enzyme/Acid
Chemical - Change chemical composition of ingested food

64
Q

Ulcers

A

Digestion of stomach wall

65
Q

What gives nasty taste in vomit

A

Bile, from liver

66
Q

Vili

A

Contains capillaries
Diffuse nutrients into blood stream
Maximizes surface area of SI
Also slows down flow of Chyme

67
Q

How does the SI absorb most nutrients

A

Maximize surface area - Villi
Slow down flow - Narrow, long, folded

68
Q

Appendix

A

Vestigial Organ - no longer useful
May have had role in the past

69
Q

Overall purpose of excretory system

A

Collect waste products from throughout the body and dispose of them

70
Q

What is excretory system dependent on

A

Blood

71
Q

Type of bodily waste

A

Waste - Disposed by
CO2 -> Lungs
Feces -> Rectum/Anus
Sweat -> Sweat glands/Evaporation
Urine -> Urinary Bladder/Urethra

72
Q

Urinary system purpose

A

Filter the blood in the kidney to create urine for disposal

73
Q

What is urine composed of

A

Excess water, Salts, Urea

74
Q

What is Urea

A

Less dangerous ammonia like compound

75
Q

Where Kidneys located

A

Poster side of body

76
Q

Kidneys job

A

Filter bad things from the blood

77
Q

What filters blood in the Kidneys

A

Nephrons - Filter through Diffusion

78
Q

Collection ducts

A

Collect liquid filtered by Nephrons which go to ureters

79
Q

What capacity do kidneys usually operate

A

50% per kidney - Jumps to 100% if other is donated

80
Q

Kidney machine

A

Dialysis

81
Q

What causes Kidney stones

A

Salts settling out of urine and forming crystals/stones

82
Q

Ways to remove kidney stones

A

Water pressure, surgery or high frequency radio waves

83
Q

Ureter

A

Tube connecting kidneys to urinary bladder

84
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Store urine until full

85
Q

Urethra

A

Pee tube

86
Q

Liver

A

No direct connection to exterior environment
In upper right quadrant of abdomen
Lobed organ - can donate portion
Makes BAD STUFF - bad stuff
Also produced bile

87
Q

Type of loop humans have?

A

Double closed loop circulatory system

88
Q

Atrium

A

Atria - singular
Entry and Receive blood

89
Q

Ventricle

A

Veio - away
Pushing blood out of heart
Bottom and strongest chambers

90
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pump blood to lungs

91
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pump blood to the rest of the body - strongest of all chambers

92
Q

Arteries

A

Away from the heart - all have oxygenated blood EXCEPT pulmonary artery

93
Q

Arterioles

A

Smaller arteries - Narrowing of blood vessels increase blood pressure

94
Q

Capillaries

A

Use blood pressure to drive diffusion

95
Q

Venules

A

Small veins

96
Q

Vein

A

Towards heart - all has deoxygenated EXCEPT pulmonary vein
Not as muscular as arteries
Contains valves to prevent back flow and also rely on skeletal and muscle contractions to help blood move towards the heart.

97
Q

Components of blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Plasma
Platelets

98
Q

Red blood cells

A

Shaped like life saver candy with dimple - makes easier to push through the blood
Hemoglobin - protein embedded in cell membrane of RBC, contains iron to carry oxygen

99
Q

White blood cells

A

Amorphous - changes shape
Need to engulf foreign material through Endocytosis/Phagocytosis

100
Q

Platelets

A

Irregular shaped cell fragments
Repairing leaks through clotting
Irregular shape get caught on the rough opening of an injury

101
Q

Pericardium

A

The membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.

102
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid/H2O
It’s plasma that has leaked out of the blood/CS at the capillary level

103
Q

How does lymph travel

A

Sloshing around body collecting non self materials, eventually sloshes to lymph nodes to be filtered and returned to CS

104
Q

Type of circulatory system lymphatic system is

A

Open circulatory system

105
Q

When is lymph lymph

A

When fluid is out of CS, when its in CS its plasma

106
Q

What happens when lymph nodes are activated

A

Presence of non self alerts immune system, deploy WBC,
Lymph nodes become inflamed

107
Q

Why do lymph nodes become inflamed

A

Increase fluid content/activity when activated

108
Q

Where are lymph nodes

A

Neck/throat
Armpit web
Groin
Behind knees
Other….

109
Q

Inhalation

A

Moving air into lungs
Chest cavity - Rib cage and diaphragm increases volume

110
Q

How does chest cavity increase/decrease volume

A

Increase - Move up/out, diaphragm down, air pressure decreases, pulling air in
Decrease - Rib cage in/down, diaphragm up, air pressure increases, pushing air out

111
Q

Entryways to respiratory system

A

Nose - Primary
Mouth - Secondary

112
Q

Nose

A

Primary respiratory system entrance
Filters air through nose hair, mucus - forms boogers
Also warms air

113
Q

Mouth - respiratory

A

Secondary entrance for respiratory system
Can’t filter/warm air

114
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box - Adam’s apple
Vocal cords - vibrate as we move air through them

115
Q

Trachea

A

Air tube in front of esophagus
Rings of cartilage support and give shape

116
Q

Tracheotomy

A

Man made hole in trachea for medical purpsoe

117
Q

Bronchi

A

2 main branches off of trachea

118
Q

Bronchioles

A

Small branches off of bronchi

119
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs that contain capillaries in their walls

120
Q

Lung components

A

Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli

121
Q

Rib cage

A

12 pairs of ribs - attached to spinal column by cartilage
Last 2 floating
Other 10 attaches to sternum by cartilage
Xiphoid process - little cartilage tab at base of sternum
Intercostal muscles - muscles in between the ribs

122
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone

123
Q

Epiglottis

A

a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe

124
Q

Where is Insulin secreted

A

Duodenum

Bio HO9 (11 decks)

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