Chapter 11 Cell growth and division Flashcards
asexual reproduction
Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
Sexual reporduction
two parents each form reproductive cells that have one half the number of chromosomes
Pros and cons of asexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction:
PRO Quick process in ideal environmental conditions
No need for two parents
Offspring are genetically identical to the parent
CON No genetic variation; no combination of traits from each parent
Pros and cons of sexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction:
PRO-Genetic variation; allows for combination of traits from each parent
Offspring are genetically different from the parentsRequires two parents
More complex process
CON- Energy inducing and Requires two parents More complex process
Are organisms able to use both sexual and Asexual reproduction?
Yes some organisms are able to utilize both sexual and asexual reproduction.
Examples of Organisms that use asexual reproduction
Bacteria, yeasts, some plants ex. Mosses and ferns.
Protists
A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.
Surface Area to Volume conflict
As the Volume of the cell increases the surface area increases at a much higher rate.
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Prokaryotic Chromosomes
lack a nucleus. DNA molecules found in the cytoplasm and contain a single chromosome.
Eukaryotic chromosomes
have linear DNA molecules associated with a large amount of protein
Chromatin
The strands of DNA found.
Later can be wrapped around histones and form a Nucleosome
Chromatid
one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome
Half of the X
Centromere
Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach
Nucleosome
Bead-like structure in eukaryotic chromatin, composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins
Histones
protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
cell cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Prokaryotic cell cycle
Growth until SA vs CV issue, Asexual(Preps for CD and replicates chromosomes, then divides), grows to reach maturity and for prokaryotes it can happen quickly in idea environment. Then starts Asexual Reproduction
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Interphase (g1, s phase, g2 phase) and then Mitotic phase (mitosis, cytokinesis)
G1: Growth till SA vs VC
S: Synthesis phase where chromosomes are replicated (happens sexually or asexually depending on the cell)
G2: Final prep for active cell division
M: Mitosis
Mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
In plant cells this is done by forming of cell plate
In Animal cells the membranes pinch off forming 2 daughter cells.
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
Prophase (mitosis)
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
centriole pairs separate, move toward opposite sides of the cell, and form spindle fibers made of microtubules
the fibers radiate outward from the centrioles
nuclear membrane dissolves which allows spindle fibers to contact chromosomes
Metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
cancer cells
Do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle system; instead, they divide excessively and can invade other tissues of the body
malignant tumor
A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.
benign tumor
An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.
treatments for cancer
radiation, chemotherapy, surgery
name of cancer doctor
Oncologist
Cyclin
one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
tumor
mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue
cancer vs tumor
Cancer is a disease in which cells, almost anywhere in the body, begin to divide uncontrollably. A tumor is when this uncontrolled growth occurs in solid tissue such as an organ, muscle, or bone.
regulatory proteins
proteins involved in the expression of control genes
internal regulators
proteins that respond to events inside the cell. They act as check points to make sure the cell is ready to enter the next step of the cell cycle.
external regulators
proteins that respond to events outside the cell
growth factors
Regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate.
When do cyclin levels peak?
During the M phase
How does apoptosis occur
Cell turns on internal mechanisms that initiate self-destruction
What most commonly causes cells to become cancer cells?
A majority of cancer cells are missing the checkpoint protein p53 which usually stops the cell cycle until all chromosomes are properly duplicated. This can cause cells to loose their ability to function properly and can cause cancers cells to be created.
embryo
An organism in the earliest stage of development
Differentiation
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
totipotent
Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.
Blastocyst
stage of early development in mammals that consists of a hollow ball of cells
Pluripotent
Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body’s cell types
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
Multipotent
cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells
Zygote
fertilized egg
Haploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
Diploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
Examples of animals that reproduce asexually?
some lizards words and starfish. Asexual reproduction is very common in single-celled organisms, yet not as common in larger organisms it can still be found.
