Chapter 12 Meiosis Flashcards
Somatic
Body cells
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Haploid Def
Single set of unpaired chromosomes
Diploid Def
2 complete sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent
Female Reproductive Organs
Ovary
Female Sex cell
Egg/Ova
Creation of female sex cell
oogenesis
Male reproductive organ
Testicles
Male sex cell
sperm/spermatazoa
Creation of male sex cell
Spermatogenesis
Chromosome # during Meiosis
46 – 92 – (2)46 – (4)23
Acronym for Meiosis
(I)PMAT(C)PMAT(C)
Is there interphase between Meiosis 1 and 2
NO
Stages of interphase
G1, S, G2
Prophase 1
Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. This results in new combinations of genetic material in the daughter cells.
Metaphase I
Metaphase I: The homologous chromosome pairs line up at the center of the cell.
Anaphase I
Anaphase I: The homologous chromosome pairs separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I
Telophase I: The chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell
“Pinch thing to peanut”
Prophase II
Prophase II: The chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase II
Metaphase II: The chromosomes line up at the center of each cell.
Anaphase II
Anaphase II: The sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cells.
Telophase II
Telophase II: The chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cells
Tetrad
Structure containing four chromatids that form during meiosis
Shmancy name for crease formed in telophase
Cleavage furrow
Shmancy name for middle of cell where chromosomes line up
equatorial plate
What stage of Meiosis are the Chromosomes pulled apart to Chromatids
Meiosis II
Mendel is considered?
“father of genetics”
Genetics
study of inherited traits
Allele
Option for characteristic
Allele T
Dominant
Tall
Recessive
Short
Allele Y
Pea color
Dominant
Yellow
Recessive
Green
Allele G
Pod Color
Dominant
Green
Recessive
Yellow
Allele P
Flower color
Dominant
Purple
Recessive
White
Allele A
Flower Position
Dominant
Axial (on stem)
Recessive
Terminal (Top of stem)
Allele W
Pea Shape
Dominant
Wrinkled
Recessive
Smooth
Allele S
Pod Shape
Dominant
Smooth
Recessive
Constricted
Fertilization
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
trait
specific characteristic of an individual
hybrid
offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Gene
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; a factor that is passed from parent to offspring
Allele
One of a number different forms of a gene
Principle of dominance
Mendel’s second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and other are recessive
Segregation
Seperation of alleles during gamete formation
Probability
Likelihood that a particular even will occur
Homozygous
having two identical alleles for a particular gene
heterozygous
having two different alleles for a particular gene
Phenotype
Physical characteristics for an organism
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism
Punnett square
Diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combination of a genetic cross
Independant assortment
One of Mendel’s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
Incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
Codominance
Situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed
Multiple alleles
A gene that has more that two alleles
Polygenic trait
Trait controlled by two or more genes
Homologous
Refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent
Diploid
Cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
Haploid
Cell that contains only a single set of genes
Crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
What did Mendel conclude determines biological inheritance?
Mendel concluded that “factors” (now known as genes), determine biological inheritance.
He also proposed that these factors are inherited from both parents and can be dominant or recessive.
What is segregation?
Segregation refers to the separation of paired alleles during the formation of gametes (sex cells).
This is done so that each gamete receives only one allele of each gene, and offspring inherit one allele from each parent.
How is self-pollination similar to cross-pollination? How is it different?
Self-pollination and cross-pollination are both methods of plant reproduction.
Differences
Self-pollination – offspring genetically identical to the parent,
Cross-pollination – offspring with genetic variation.
