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Human Sexuality > Chapter 8: Attraction, Arousal, and Response > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Attraction, Arousal, and Response Flashcards

1
Q

Determinants of Sexual Attraction? (4)

A
  1. Symmetry
  2. Masculinity-feminitiy of faces
  3. Babyfacedness (BF Factor)
  4. Other features (clear skin, glossy hair, freedom from visible defects and disease)
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2
Q

Determinants of Sexual Attraction:

1. Symmetry?

A
  • an index of health ?
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3
Q

Determinants of Sexual Attraction:
2. Masculinity-feminity of faces (2)
L> cues?
L> which are rated most attractive?

A
  • extremes are rated most attractive
  • cues to masculinity - femininity
    L> jaw width
    L> mouth and nose width
    L> chin size
    K> lip fullness
    L> eyebrow bushiness
    L> eye size
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4
Q

Determinants of Sexual Attraction:

3. Babyfacedness ( BF factor) (3)

A
  1. adult women with a 30% BF factor were rated most attractive
  2. BF features:
    L> low position of facial features on the head
    L> prominent forehead
    L> small nose
  3. elicits protectiveness in males? ( reason behind babyfacedness?)
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5
Q 
Body Attractiveness:
- Waist to hip ratio?
L> women?
L> men 
L> universal indicator? yay, nay?
L> situational factors?
A
  • women: prefer ratio of 0.9 in men
  • men: prefer ration of 0.7-0.8 in women
  • might be a universal indicator of attractiveness but absolute body fatness is not: wide cultural and historical variability
  • situational factos can modify judgement of attractiveness, hungry men rate heavier women more attractive!
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6
Q

Body Attractiveness:
- Female Breast size
L>women often over/under-estimate men’s size preference?
L> female breast preference determinants?

A
  • over

- cultural determinants and individual preferences

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7
Q

Body Attractiveness:

- male muscularity for women?

A
  • optimal degree is swimmer not body builder
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8
Q

Body Attractiveness:

- Ethnicity?

A
  • people find faces of those of their own ethnic group most attractive
  • attractiveness judgements are consisted across ethnic groups
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9
Q

Body Attractiveness:

- choice blindness?

A
  • process of judging visual attractiveness is a largely unconscious process
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10
Q

Does attraction involve senses beyond vision?

A

yes

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11
Q

Attraction involves what other senses?

A
  • touch
  • hearing
  • olfactory
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12
Q

Attraction :

- hearing? (2)

A
  1. women like deep voiced men

2. men prefer women with voices pitched higher than average

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13
Q

Attraction:

- olfactory (body odour)

A
  • men’s body odour may be correlated with symmetry

- women prefer the odour of men who differ from them genetically

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14
Q

Familiarity can do what to attraction?

A

increase and decrease it

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15
Q

Familiarity:

- Mere exposure to faces can do what to attractiveness?

A

increase

- we prefer mirror images of our own faces rather than photo images

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16
Q

Familiarity:

  • closeness during early childhood does what to sexual attraction?
  • opposite -sex siblings develop what to each other?
A
  • inhibits sexual attraction….reduces chances of incestuous matings
  • an aversion to the scent of each others bodies
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17
Q

Familiarity:

- Coolidge effect?

A
  • sexual familiarity can reduce attractiveness
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18
Q

Familiarity:

- falling in love does what to attractiveness of the beloved?

A
  • vastly increases the physical and behavioural attractiveness
    (love is blind)
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19
Q

Perceived attractiveness varies across the ___ cycle.

A
  • menstrual
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20
Q

Menstrual cycle and attractiveness:
1. Women prefer men with __ masculine faces near the time of ovulation and prefer ___ masculine faces at other times.
L> caution?

A
  • more
  • less
  • the shift is subtle
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21
Q

Menstrual cycle and attractiveness:

2. Women are more likely to engage in sex outside the partnership near what time?

A
  • ovulation
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22
Q

Menstrual cycle and attractiveness:
- women’s ____ to men varies around the menstrual cycle
L> study of tips given by man to lap dancers?
L> causes?

A
  • sexual attractiveness
  • peak just prior to ovulation
  • women pay more attention to personal appearance circa ovulation
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23
Q

Some people can be asexual meaning what?

A

the lack of sexual attraction to anyone or low or absent interest in sexual activity.

24
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:

- fantasy?

A
  • imagined sexual experiences
25
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- fantasy
L> There are gender differences in ___ and ___.(2)

A
  • frequency and content
    L> men tend to fantasize more than women do
    L> frequency of fantasy decreases with age
26
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- fantasy
L> common fantasies are activities in which what?

A
  • people frequently engage in not unusual forms of sex
27
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:

- do fantasies of lesbians and gay men differ from their heterosexual counterparts?

A
  • no, the only difference is the sex of the imagined partner
28
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:

- fantasies follow what?

A
  • sexual stereotypes
29
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- fantasy
L> sexual stereotypes? (2)
L> why would we study sexual stereotypes?

A
  1. men tend to visualize explicit acts with themselves in a more dominant role
  2. women’s fantasies tend to be more romantic with themselves in a passive role
    - so sex therapists have a norm reference when clients come in worried about fantasies
30
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- fantasy
L> fantasies in relation to sex life?

A
  • those that engage in sexual fantasy generally have a more satisfying sex life.
31
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- fantasy
L> forced sex fantasies do or do not occur in many women?

A
  • do occur
  • they are often power fantasies…not like rape etc….more like “ I got him so turned on that he couldn’t help himself”
32
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- Partner elicited arousal
L> gender differences in body scanning?

A
  • gender differences in body scanning: man look at crotches but women focus more so on faces.
    ( see fig 8.11)
33
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- Partner elicited arousal
L> Sexual arousal is correlated with activity in the ____ of the brain.

A
  • anterior cingulate cortex of the brain

- love and cocaine do this too

34
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- Partner elicited arousal
L> Gender differences in arousal when viewing erotic images?(2)

A
  • men look at the women most, while women look at both
  • men are aroused by the target of their sexual orientation while women are aroused by erotic images of both men and women.
35
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- Misattribution of Sexual arousal
L> definition?

A
  • tendency of nonsexual arousal such as fear to facilitate sexual arousal
36
Q

Sources of Sexual Arousal:
- Misattribution of Sexual arousal
L> The Dutton and Aron (1974) bridge study in British Columbia??
- (see Meston and Froelich’s 2003 roller coaster study in text)

A
  • two types of bridges….steep shaky one and a very level and stable one.
  • both had a female at the end waiting to ask them a few questions and give them their number
  • guys that went across the steep shaky bridge called her more than those on the stable bridge.
  • they misattributed their physiological reactions to fear etc of the bridge to being attracted to her.
37
Q

Hormones and Sexual Arousability:

- Testosterone has ___ effecst on sexual feelings or desires

A
  • minimal if any …short term
38
Q

Hormones and Sexual Arousability:

- Testosterone levels do or do not predict whether sex will occur ?

A
  • do not

BUT they are elected after sex has occurred

39
Q

Hormones and Sexual Arousability:

- testosterone does have ____ effects on the ____ to experience sexual arousal.

A
  • long term

- capacity

40
Q

Hormones and Sexual Arousability:

- At puberty testosterone rises are correlated with what in both boys and girls?

A
  • sexual feelings and behaviour
41
Q

Hormones and Sexual Arousability:
- Conditioning and arousal
L> explain the study conducted with the guy, girl and a shoe

A
  • guy + girl = guy is aroused
  • guy + shoes= guy is not aroused
  • guy + girl wearing the shoes= guy is aroused
  • guy + shoes = guy is aroused
42
Q

What are the phases of the sexual response cycle?(5)

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Plateau Phase
  3. Orgasm
  4. Resolution
  5. Refractory (only in males)
43
Q 
Sexual Response Cycle:
- Excitement phase? 
L>Vasocongestion 
L>myotonia 
**breasts?
A

-resulting from physical or mental erotic stimuli leading to sexual arousal
1.the swelling of bodily tissues caused by increased vascular blood flow and a localized increase in blood pressure.
2.cremaster muscle elevates the testicles
L> dartos muscle causes thickening and wrinkling of the scrotum
- breasts swell

44
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Plateau Phase?
L> males?
L>females?

A
  • the period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm
  • maintenance of arousal
  • secretions of the bulbourethral glands may appear
  • in females formation of the orgasmic platform occurs…..tightening of the outer 1/3 of the vagina and ballooning of the inner 2/3
45
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Orgasm Phase?
L> clitoral vs vaginal vs cervical orgasm?
L> types of muscle contractions?

A
  • Orgasm is the conclusion of the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle and is experienced by both males and females.
  • spasmodic muscle contractions (8-10) in both sexes
  • Physiologically all identical but sensations may differ
46
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Orgasm Phase?
L> Brain scans during this phase reveal what ?
- males and females share?
- in females what brain region is involved?
- what is released (think NT)
- what hormone is released

A
  1. males and females have an increased activity in the thalamus and surrounding area and decreased activity in the cerebral cortex.
  2. females: Nuceleus accumbens is involved
  3. Dopamine is released
  4. Oxytocin is released from the pituitary gland and helps to genera pleasurable sensations
47
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:

- Resolution Phase?

A
  • after orgasm and allows the muscles to relax, blood pressure to drop and the body to slow down from its excited state.
  • approximately 15 mins
48
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:

  • Refractory Phase?
  • time frame?
  • types? (2)
A

-is the time frame in which usually a man is unable to orgasm again.
- 30 to 90 mins
- absolute and relative
L> absolute: the interval during which a second action potential absolutely cannot be initiated, no matter how large a stimulus is applied.
L> relative: the interval immediately following during which initiation of a second action potential is inhibited but not impossible.

49
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Patterns of Sexual Response
L> they are constant or variable?
L> is sex without an orgasm satisfying?

A
  • variable
  • males: 34% said yes (blue balls may occur)
  • females: 50% said yes
50
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Multiple Orgasms
L> def?

A
  • two or more examples with descent to plateau only
51
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Multiple Orgasms
L> status orgasmus?

A
  • one single prolonged orgasm with multiple peaks
52
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Multiple Orgasms
L> can males have multiple orgasms with ejaculation at the end?
- can males have multiple orgasms with ejaculation each time?

A
  • yes

- some can

53
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Other male/female differences
L> In males, ____ events and ___ arousal are correlated.

A
  • physiological and psychological
54
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Other male/female differences
L> Women do or do not always feel sexually aroused/excited when their physiology indicates arousal?

A
  • DO NOT ALWAYS
55
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Other male/female differences
L> men’s desire for sex is _______ driven creating a sense of____.

A
  • biologically

- horniness

56
Q

Sexual Response Cycle:
- Other male/female differences
L> Women’s desire for sex often beings with a desire for what? What does it then progress to?

A
  • intimacy

L> progresses to physical arousal and than desire once activity has begun.

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