Chapter 19: Sex as a Commodity Flashcards
The ancient Greeks had prostitutes of both sexes called what?
- pornoi
Moralists such as St.Thomas Auginas and St. Augustine had what views on prostitution?
- they condemned it as fornication but tolerated it as a safety valve for the release of male sexual energy.
Serious efforts to eradicate prostitution did not begin until the ____ of the 16th Century. What was the motivation for this?
- Protestant Reformation
- Disease not morality
When was the heyday of prostitution ?
- in the late 18th and 19th centuries marked by the growth of cities and the industrial revolution!
Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:
1. Has the buying and selling of sex ever been illegal in Canada?
-not its never been illegal
Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:
2. Even though prostitution is not illegal various activities related to it are considered criminal offences. What are the four we went over in lecture?
- “communication offenses” e.g. public solicitation
- keeping or being found in a ‘common bawdy house’
- pimping
- living on money made from prostitution
Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:
3. Are Canadian laws enforced consistently or inconsistently regarding it?
- inconsistently
Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:
3. Continued: Canadian laws ere enforced inconsistently. Give three examples of this.
-hints:
L> almost all charges are ?
L> whom are rarely charged?
L> which are charged more, prostitutes or customers ? Which is more severe?
- almost all charges are communication offences involving street prostitution
- prostitutes working in other contexts (escort services ex) are rarely charged
- more prostitutes than customers are charged, and their sentences are more severe.
Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:
4. Attitudes towards prostitution?
L> _% of Canadians polled in 2002 believed that prostitution is immoral
L> Those that did not share that attitude tended to be what? (3)
- 69%
1. men
2. those with higher incomes
3. those with university education
Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:
5. Do Canadians have consistent or varying views on whether or not prostitution should be illegal?
- varying
What are the three venues for prostitution discussed in lecture?
- Street prostitutes
- Escort Services and call girls
- Massage parlours, strip joints and brothels.
Venues for Prostitution :
1. Street Prostitutes - Give the 6 characteristics/risk associated with them.
- lowest rank and prices
- greatest risk of physical harm and disease
- many use had drugs
- only a few work for pimps
- most come from poor and disadvantaged backgrounds
- most likely to be arrested
Venues for Prostitution : 1. Street Prostitutes L> greatest risk of physical harm and disease: - Study in Montreal describe it! - Study in Vancouver describe it!
- In one study 30 of Montreal prostitutes, 22 had been physically assaulted in the previous 12 months
- In Vancouver, more than 50 were murdered between 1983 and 2001
Characteristics of female prostitutes:
1. List the six motives for entry into the profession!
- escape from poverty
- marginal skills
- drug dependence
- force or coercion (eg. sex trafficking)
- Status and power (e.g. call girls to wealthy, famous and/or powerful men)
- Family discord and dysfunction - teen runaways
Characteristics of female prostitutes:
1. Motives for entry into the profession:
- Escape from Poverty
L>What did a study in NB and NS reveal about prostitutes and their motive behind getting into it?
L> How much did the women earn doing indoor work vs outdoor work per night?
- that almost all cited money as their main reason
- $30-300 for indoor
- $50-150 for outdoor
Characteristics of female prostitutes:
1. Motives for entry into the profession:
- Family discord and dysfunction : teenage runaways:
L> A study of 149 teenage runaways in Toronto found that _% of the boys and _% of the girls who had been away from home for more than a year had been offered money to engage in sexual activity with an adult. ( Hartman et al, 1987)
- 67% boys
- 82% girls
Characteristics of female prostitutes:
2. Concerns? (5)
- violence
- arrest
- stress, anxiety and depression
- high number of medical problems other than STD
- depersonalization (out of body exp)
Characteristics of female prostitutes:
- Cautions concerning research on prostitution:
- Much of it has focused on what?
- At higher levels, ore women choose the profession ___ and do/do not feel that they are victims (Shaver, 2002l Concordia University)
- street prostitution
- freely
- do not
Costumers of female prostitution:
1. Do they come from all walks of life?
yes
Costumers of female prostitution:
2. Most are _______ and have other sexual outlets.
- occasional Johns
Costumers of female prostitution:
3. Some are ____ with no other source of sex or who want to avoid intimate relationships.
- habitual Johns
Costumers of female prostitution:
4. A few are ____ who are driven to meet some sexual or psychological need.
compulsive Johns
Costumers of female prostitution:
- A study of Johns from the Vancouver area found that:
- They averaged __ years old
- __% had completed high school and __% had a bachelor’s degree.
- __% had a regular sexual partner or spouse.
- 38
- 79%
- 21%
- 48%
What are the five costumers’ motives for using prostitutes?
- sex without negotiation (aka no compromising)
- sex without commitment
- sex for eroticism and variety
- problematic sex.
Transgender prostitutes??
- see text
Sex tourism:
- Sextourism is made by possible by 3 large scale factors?
- the migration of men and women in search of jobs
- the perception of sex as a commodity
- increased travel for recreational purposes
Sex tourism:
- For the sex tourist, the ___ is often erotic to them.
- exotic
Pornography?
- material that is sexually explicit and produced for purposes of eliciting or enhancing sexual arousal.
Erotica?
material having to do with sexual love; it is artistically produced and motivated
Pornography and the law:
1. Anti-obscenity laws: Comstock Act of 1873 which was what?
“Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use”
Pornography and the law:
2. Roth vs the US (1957)
L> Portrayal of sexual activity in media/etc ??
Portrayal of sexual activity was protected unless it dominant theme delay with sex in a manner of appealing to prurient interest.
Pornography and the law:
3. Miller vs California (1973)
L> describe the two points from this
- appealed to community standards
2. obscene material was lacking serious literary artistic, political or scientific merit.
Pornography and the law:
4. The Supreme Court of Canada (1992)
L> defined obscenity as??
- involving sexually explicit material containing violence toward women or materials that degrades or dehumanizes women.
Pornography and sexual coercion:
- The commission on Obscenity and Pornography (1970)
- > Concluded what about pornography and crime?
- > Was rejected by who?
- > pornography has no effect on crimes of violence or sexual offences and only mildly increased the frequency of sex acts.
- > President Nixon
Pornography and Sex Offenders:
- Studies of convicted perpetrators of violent crimes against women have found or have not found a greater exposure to porn in these men. ( Allen et al., 2000)
- / rapists and child molestors use pornography to do what?
- have not found
- 1/3
L> use pornography to become sexually aroused immediately before the commission of their crimes: a priming effect!
*** no evidence that it leads to rapists or child molestation
The Meese Commission Report (1986): asserted a causal link between what two variables?
- violent pornography and sexual violence
Cross Culture studies have shown that, when the quantity of porn increases dramatically what happens in regards to sex crimes?
L> Japan (1972-1995) -> EXPLAIN
- as the quantity of porn increases dramatically, sex crimes become fewer.
L> Japan: annual number of rapes dropped from 4677 to 1500
L> Denmark was the first to have a similar experience.
Research on the effects of Pornography: Example?
-> Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981)?
- Victim reactions in aggressive erotic films as a factor in violence against women.
Violent Erotica :
- Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
L> what was the question?
Will aggressive behaviour against women be INCREASED by exposure to VIOLENT EROTICA, particularly when a woman is depicted as having a POSITIVE REACTION to sexual assault?
Violent Erotica :
- Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
L> Describe the three phases.
A)Phase 1:
L> Confederate (MorF) angers male subject
B) Phase 2:
L> subject sees film
C) Phase 3: Subject delivers electric shocks to confederate
Violent Erotica :
- Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
L> What were the types of films in the study?
- Neutral
- Erotic (consensual interaction)
- Positive Ending ( victim has a positive reaction to forced sex)
- Negative ending ( victim has a negative reaction to forced sex)
Violent Erotica :
- Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
- What were the results of the graph that showed the mean shock intensity as a function of sex of target and film condition?
- Neutral: low shock intensity for male and female (males are higher)
- Erotic: decrease from the neutral condition in females, increase in shock intensity for males
- Positive ending: dramatic increase in the shock done by females….with the males the shock intensity has gone down since last
- Negative ending: decrease in shock intensity
for females……..increase in shock intensity for males
Violent Erotica :
- Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
- What were the results of the graph that showed the mean shock intensity as a function of anger and film condition?
- Neutral: no anger = lowest score
L> higher score= anger for shock intensity - Erotic: increase in intensity with no anger…..decrease in intensity with anger.
- Positive Ending: no anger= big increase in shock intensity; big increase in the shock intensity for the anger group…higher than the other.
- Negative Ending: dramatic decrease in the non anger group making it close to the DNA.
