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Human Sexuality > Chapter 19: Sex as a Commodity > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Sex as a Commodity Flashcards

1
Q

The ancient Greeks had prostitutes of both sexes called what?

A
  • pornoi
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2
Q

Moralists such as St.Thomas Auginas and St. Augustine had what views on prostitution?

A
  • they condemned it as fornication but tolerated it as a safety valve for the release of male sexual energy.
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3
Q

Serious efforts to eradicate prostitution did not begin until the ____ of the 16th Century. What was the motivation for this?

A
  • Protestant Reformation

- Disease not morality

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4
Q

When was the heyday of prostitution ?

A
  • in the late 18th and 19th centuries marked by the growth of cities and the industrial revolution!
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5
Q

Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:

1. Has the buying and selling of sex ever been illegal in Canada?

A

-not its never been illegal

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6
Q

Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:
2. Even though prostitution is not illegal various activities related to it are considered criminal offences. What are the four we went over in lecture?

A
  1. “communication offenses” e.g. public solicitation
  2. keeping or being found in a ‘common bawdy house’
  3. pimping
  4. living on money made from prostitution
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7
Q

Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:

3. Are Canadian laws enforced consistently or inconsistently regarding it?

A
  • inconsistently
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8
Q

Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:
3. Continued: Canadian laws ere enforced inconsistently. Give three examples of this.
-hints:
L> almost all charges are ?
L> whom are rarely charged?
L> which are charged more, prostitutes or customers ? Which is more severe?

A
  1. almost all charges are communication offences involving street prostitution
  2. prostitutes working in other contexts (escort services ex) are rarely charged
  3. more prostitutes than customers are charged, and their sentences are more severe.
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9
Q

Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:
4. Attitudes towards prostitution?
L> _% of Canadians polled in 2002 believed that prostitution is immoral
L> Those that did not share that attitude tended to be what? (3)

A
  • 69%
    1. men
    2. those with higher incomes
    3. those with university education
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10
Q

Canadian Legal Issues and Attitudes on Prostitution:

5. Do Canadians have consistent or varying views on whether or not prostitution should be illegal?

A
  • varying
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11
Q

What are the three venues for prostitution discussed in lecture?

A
  1. Street prostitutes
  2. Escort Services and call girls
  3. Massage parlours, strip joints and brothels.
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12
Q

Venues for Prostitution :

1. Street Prostitutes - Give the 6 characteristics/risk associated with them.

A
  1. lowest rank and prices
  2. greatest risk of physical harm and disease
  3. many use had drugs
  4. only a few work for pimps
  5. most come from poor and disadvantaged backgrounds
  6. most likely to be arrested
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13
Q 
Venues for Prostitution : 
1. Street Prostitutes
L> greatest risk of physical harm and disease: 
- Study in Montreal describe it!
- Study in Vancouver describe it!
A
  1. In one study 30 of Montreal prostitutes, 22 had been physically assaulted in the previous 12 months
  2. In Vancouver, more than 50 were murdered between 1983 and 2001
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14
Q

Characteristics of female prostitutes:

1. List the six motives for entry into the profession!

A
  1. escape from poverty
  2. marginal skills
  3. drug dependence
  4. force or coercion (eg. sex trafficking)
  5. Status and power (e.g. call girls to wealthy, famous and/or powerful men)
  6. Family discord and dysfunction - teen runaways
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15
Q

Characteristics of female prostitutes:
1. Motives for entry into the profession:
- Escape from Poverty
L>What did a study in NB and NS reveal about prostitutes and their motive behind getting into it?
L> How much did the women earn doing indoor work vs outdoor work per night?

A
  • that almost all cited money as their main reason
  • $30-300 for indoor
  • $50-150 for outdoor
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16
Q

Characteristics of female prostitutes:
1. Motives for entry into the profession:
- Family discord and dysfunction : teenage runaways:
L> A study of 149 teenage runaways in Toronto found that _% of the boys and _% of the girls who had been away from home for more than a year had been offered money to engage in sexual activity with an adult. ( Hartman et al, 1987)

A
  • 67% boys

- 82% girls

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17
Q

Characteristics of female prostitutes:

2. Concerns? (5)

A
  1. violence
  2. arrest
  3. stress, anxiety and depression
  4. high number of medical problems other than STD
  5. depersonalization (out of body exp)
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18
Q

Characteristics of female prostitutes:

  1. Cautions concerning research on prostitution:
    - Much of it has focused on what?
    - At higher levels, ore women choose the profession ___ and do/do not feel that they are victims (Shaver, 2002l Concordia University)
A
  • street prostitution
  • freely
  • do not
19
Q

Costumers of female prostitution:

1. Do they come from all walks of life?

A

yes

20
Q

Costumers of female prostitution:

2. Most are _______ and have other sexual outlets.

A
  • occasional Johns
21
Q

Costumers of female prostitution:

3. Some are ____ with no other source of sex or who want to avoid intimate relationships.

A
  • habitual Johns
22
Q

Costumers of female prostitution:

4. A few are ____ who are driven to meet some sexual or psychological need.

A

compulsive Johns

23
Q

Costumers of female prostitution:

  1. A study of Johns from the Vancouver area found that:
    - They averaged __ years old
    - __% had completed high school and __% had a bachelor’s degree.
    - __% had a regular sexual partner or spouse.
A
  • 38
  • 79%
  • 21%
  • 48%
24
Q

What are the five costumers’ motives for using prostitutes?

A
  1. sex without negotiation (aka no compromising)
  2. sex without commitment
  3. sex for eroticism and variety
  4. problematic sex.
25
Q

Transgender prostitutes??

A
  • see text
26
Q

Sex tourism:

- Sextourism is made by possible by 3 large scale factors?

A
  1. the migration of men and women in search of jobs
  2. the perception of sex as a commodity
  3. increased travel for recreational purposes
27
Q

Sex tourism:

- For the sex tourist, the ___ is often erotic to them.

A
  • exotic
28
Q

Pornography?

A
  • material that is sexually explicit and produced for purposes of eliciting or enhancing sexual arousal.
29
Q

Erotica?

A

material having to do with sexual love; it is artistically produced and motivated

30
Q

Pornography and the law:

1. Anti-obscenity laws: Comstock Act of 1873 which was what?

A

“Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use”

31
Q

Pornography and the law:
2. Roth vs the US (1957)
L> Portrayal of sexual activity in media/etc ??

A

Portrayal of sexual activity was protected unless it dominant theme delay with sex in a manner of appealing to prurient interest.

32
Q

Pornography and the law:
3. Miller vs California (1973)
L> describe the two points from this

A
  1. appealed to community standards

2. obscene material was lacking serious literary artistic, political or scientific merit.

33
Q

Pornography and the law:
4. The Supreme Court of Canada (1992)
L> defined obscenity as??

A
  • involving sexually explicit material containing violence toward women or materials that degrades or dehumanizes women.
34
Q

Pornography and sexual coercion:

  1. The commission on Obscenity and Pornography (1970)
    - > Concluded what about pornography and crime?
    - > Was rejected by who?
A
  • > pornography has no effect on crimes of violence or sexual offences and only mildly increased the frequency of sex acts.
  • > President Nixon
35
Q

Pornography and Sex Offenders:

  1. Studies of convicted perpetrators of violent crimes against women have found or have not found a greater exposure to porn in these men. ( Allen et al., 2000)
  2. / rapists and child molestors use pornography to do what?
A
  • have not found
  • 1/3
    L> use pornography to become sexually aroused immediately before the commission of their crimes: a priming effect!
    *** no evidence that it leads to rapists or child molestation
36
Q

The Meese Commission Report (1986): asserted a causal link between what two variables?

A
  • violent pornography and sexual violence
37
Q

Cross Culture studies have shown that, when the quantity of porn increases dramatically what happens in regards to sex crimes?
L> Japan (1972-1995) -> EXPLAIN

A
  • as the quantity of porn increases dramatically, sex crimes become fewer.
    L> Japan: annual number of rapes dropped from 4677 to 1500
    L> Denmark was the first to have a similar experience.
38
Q

Research on the effects of Pornography: Example?

-> Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981)?

A
  • Victim reactions in aggressive erotic films as a factor in violence against women.
39
Q

Violent Erotica :
- Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
L> what was the question?

A

Will aggressive behaviour against women be INCREASED by exposure to VIOLENT EROTICA, particularly when a woman is depicted as having a POSITIVE REACTION to sexual assault?

40
Q

Violent Erotica :
- Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
L> Describe the three phases.

A

A)Phase 1:
L> Confederate (MorF) angers male subject
B) Phase 2:
L> subject sees film
C) Phase 3: Subject delivers electric shocks to confederate

41
Q

Violent Erotica :
- Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
L> What were the types of films in the study?

A
  1. Neutral
  2. Erotic (consensual interaction)
  3. Positive Ending ( victim has a positive reaction to forced sex)
  4. Negative ending ( victim has a negative reaction to forced sex)
42
Q

Violent Erotica :

  • Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
  • What were the results of the graph that showed the mean shock intensity as a function of sex of target and film condition?
A
  • Neutral: low shock intensity for male and female (males are higher)
  • Erotic: decrease from the neutral condition in females, increase in shock intensity for males
  • Positive ending: dramatic increase in the shock done by females….with the males the shock intensity has gone down since last
  • Negative ending: decrease in shock intensity
    for females……..increase in shock intensity for males
43
Q

Violent Erotica :

  • Donnerstein and Berkowitz (1981) Study
  • What were the results of the graph that showed the mean shock intensity as a function of anger and film condition?
A
  • Neutral: no anger = lowest score
    L> higher score= anger for shock intensity
  • Erotic: increase in intensity with no anger…..decrease in intensity with anger.
  • Positive Ending: no anger= big increase in shock intensity; big increase in the shock intensity for the anger group…higher than the other.
  • Negative Ending: dramatic decrease in the non anger group making it close to the DNA.

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