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Human Sexuality > Chapter 7: Gender > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Gender Flashcards

1
Q

What is gender?

A
  • the collection of psychological traits that differ between males and females
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2
Q

A.Gender identity?

A

a person’s subjective sense of being male or female

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3
Q

B.Sexual orientation?

A

an enduring personal quality that inclines people to feel romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender

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4
Q

C.Gender role?

A

the social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a social or interpersonal relationship.

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5
Q

What make sup gender?(3)

A

Gender Identity, Sexual orientation and Gender role

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6
Q

Historically, ____ and ___ dominated thinking and behaviour.

L> what was a reaction to this?

A
  • gender stereotypes and biological determinism

L> feminist anti-biological positon

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7
Q

Are biological sex and gender identity separable?

A
  • yes…….
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8
Q

Discordance between biological sex and gender identity causes what?

A
  • gender dysphoria
    L> people who experience significant dysphoria (discontent) with the sex they were assigned at birth and/or the gender roles associated with that sex.
    L> transexual / transgender?
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9
Q

Gender Differences:
- Cognitive differences?
L> what does fine grained analyses reveal ?

A

A. Male-female differential in spatial, mathematical and verbal abilities is small with wide overlap
B. Fine grained analyses reveal complex differences within all three categories

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10
Q 
Gender Differences:
- Personality Differences 
L> Aggressiveness  
L> People vs thing related interests?
L> differences in moral sense ?
L>Self esteem? 
L> Emotional sensitivity?
A
  • M>F ( d=0.4-0.5)
  • Women have people related and males have thing related interests
  • women’s based on caring, men’s on justice and rules ( d=0.2-0.3)
  • M>F (d=0.2-0.3)
    L> could be biased by elf reports and male distortion
  • F>M
    L> women are better at decoding other peoples emotions, more expressive of their own and more likely to take another persons perspective.
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11
Q

Sexuality:

- casual, premarital and extra marital sex is more permissive in which sex?

A
  • males
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12
Q

Sexuality:

- Sources of Attraction? (4)

A
  1. Age (D=0.9) men are attracted to younger women and women are attracted to older men…evo?
  2. Physical Attractiveness (d=0.6); males are more concerned with this
  3. Status or wealth ( d=0.5); women are more concerned with this
  4. Visual Sexual stimuli (d=1.3)…men are more interested in this
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13
Q

Sexuality:

- what are the two types of jealousy?

A
  1. Emotional jealous - women (protection)

2. Sexual jealousy - males (passing of genes)

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14
Q

Sexuality:

- which sex is more commonly found to partake in masturbation?

A
  • males

L> d=0.96

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15
Q

Sexuality:
- which sex reports:
L> more frequent sexual intercourse, younger age of first intercourse and larger number of sexual partners
- what can exaggerate these responses?

A
  • males

- differences in reporting may exaggerate these male characteristics

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16
Q 
Sexuality:
1.Homosexuality 
2. Bisexuality 
- which is more common in men and women? 
L> who has more casual partners?
A
  • M>F
  • F>M
  • homosexual males….two males have equivalent attitudes
17
Q

Many gender differences arise when in life?

A

early

18
Q

Many gender differences arise early in life:

List the five!

A
  1. at one years old kids can distinguish sex differences
  2. Gender constancy develops at 3-4 years old ( this is when they realize their sex is fixed and cannot be changed )
  3. Recognition of own sex at 2-3 years old
  4. Toy preferences diverge by 18 months
  5. An assortment of other behaviours show gender divergence from 2 through mid teens
19
Q

Biological Factors Influence Gender:

- is evolution a probable explanation?

A
  • yes but hard to prove
20
Q

Biological Factors Influence Gender:

-Influence of evolution could be seen in what three areas?

A
  • cognitive skills
  • interest in casual sex
  • jealousy
21
Q

Biological Factors Influence Gender:Explain toy preferences?

  • monkeys ?(disproves what?)
  • CAH girls prove what?
A
  • share human like toy preference…..males like the mechanical aspect not the truck itself….
    L> disproves feminists belief that these are conditioned…..if they were we would not see them in monkeys!
  • sex hormones influence toy preference
22
Q

Life Experiences Influence Gender:
- Socialization
L> what is the primary social influence?
- what are two other forms?

A 
- family 
L> see Rust et al. 
- Rewards and punishments 
- imitation 
L> children watching films featuring male and female characters will eye track those of their own gender 
-
23
Q

Life Experiences Influence Gender:

- what is an example of the power of socialization by the media?

A
  • The case of the Canadian town called Notel ( no television)
  • two hers after television arrived, attitudes of children became more stereotypical and rigid
24
Q

Life Experiences Influence Gender:

- Cognitive developmental models? (3)

A
  1. Gender Constancy theory - The child knows a person gender stay the same regardless of changes in the person’s activitives or appearance. For example, A 6 or 7 year old who had reached this stage knows a person gender stay the same when a person dressup like a member of the other sex or when a person does cross-sex activities.
  2. Gender schema theory - frame work of ideas about gender that influences perceptions, judgements and memories (based on either /or logic no in-between for feminine and masculine)
  3. Sexual script theory -sexual behaviour is a form of role playing with parts that are learned. (people place reliance on these crypts when interacting on dates etc)
25
Q

Gender Development Involves complex interactions:

- Most gender -related traits undergo development via interaction of what two things?

A
  • nurture and nature
26
Q

Gender Development Involves complex interactions:
- The interactions among variables can be complex (Caspi et al. 2002)
L> explain the study
- factos examined? (2)
- gene?
- when both factors were examined what was found?
- conclusion?

A
  • examined the factors that predict antisocial behaviour in males (violence, rape etc)
  • Factor A: experience of sexual or physical abuse during childhood (victim perpetrator cycle)
  • Factor B: possession of less active variant of the MAOA gene (which occurs in an inactive or active form)
  • When both factors where examined to be present…. 85% that a male committed antisocial acts
  • conclusion? variability in MAOA strongly modulates the impact of childhood abuse on sexual and social development.
27
Q

Transgendered??

A
  • all individuals who have the anatomy of one sex but the gender identity of another
28
Q

Transsexual ??

L> two types?

A
  • the subset of transgendered individuals who seek to change their body into that of the other sex by medical means
  • F to M…identify as heterosexual men with an interest in women
  • M to F…. identify as heterosexual women with an interest in men
29
Q

Autogynephilia??

L> transvestism?

A
  • a form of M to F transsexuality characterized by sexual arousal at the thought of becoming a woman
  • they are sexually attracted to women as they grow up
  • they are erotically aroused by wearing women’s clothes ( transvestism)
30
Q

What are the stages of sex reassignment? (5)

A
  1. Psychological and physical evaluation
  2. Real-life experience
  3. Hormone treatment
  4. Surgery
  5. Post operative follow up
    (most are unhappy)
31
Q

What are five factors that correlate with long term satisfaction with outcome of sex reassignment?

A
  • young age at reassignment
  • good general psychological health
  • a body build that permits passing as the other sex
  • good family and social support
  • the success of the surgical procedure itself
32
Q

In the US and to a lesser degree in Canada, transgendered people are victimized by?

A
  • abuse and hate crimes at much higher rates than are lesbians and gay men.
33
Q

Measuring Gender Differences?

  • Means?
  • Standard deviation?
  • effect size? (d)
A
  • how relevant
  • a measure of dispersion
  • the difference between the means of two samples divided by the pooled standard deviation
    d0. 8 large effect
34
Q

Measuring Gender Differences?

-Meta-analysis?

A
  • calculated mean of the weighted d values from all pertinent studies
35
Q

Measuring Gender Differences?
- Marked sex differences at ____ of a distribution can occur without any difference in the ___ values for male and females.

A
  • extremes

- mean

Human Sexuality (15 decks)

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