Chapter 3: Female Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards
Vestibule?
- potential space btwn the left and right labia minora
What makes up the clitoris?
- glans, shaft, corpora cavernosa and crura
What parts of the clitoris are erectile?
- glans and shaft
Clitoris
-glans
- small but highly sensitive knob of tissue positioned at the front of the vestibule…..external part of the clitoris
Clitoris
- what covers the glans?
- clitoral hood
The erectile tissue within the clitoral shaft consists of what?
- two corpora cavernosa
The erectile tissue within the glans is what?
- single corpus spongiosum
Smegma?
- secretions from the clitoral hood to aid movement about the glans combine with dead cells and bacteria forming this pasty material
Clitoris
-Curva?
- two internal extensions of the clitoris
Vestibular bulbs?
- helps with?
- associated with the clitoris …..curved erectile masses….underlying the labia minora and surround the vestibule.
- erection of these help lengthen and stiffen the vagina
What two muscles are associated with the clitoris?
-Functions/location
- Ischiocavernousus muscle
L> attached to the clitoris and assists with erection…(around crura )
L> elevates shaft and glans….causinf clitoral glans to disappear under hood. - Bulbospongiosus muscle
L> attached to the base of the clitoris and assists with erections, surrounds the introits
Introitus?
- entrance to the vagina
Components of vestibule?
- clitoris, urethral opening and the vaginal opening
Hymen??
- membrane that covers the introits
L> not a good indicator of virginity
Bartholin’s glands wtf
- located at the introits, discharge a small amount of fluid during arousal….
L> can get blocked and cause cysts..needed to be drained
L>not big on lube
Three layers of the vagina??
- Mucosal
- Muscular
- FIbroelastic
Lactobacilli??? huh??
- bacteria living in the vagina on the surface that convert sugars into lactic acid contributing to the mildly acidic environment of the vagina that protects it form harmful bacteria
Candidia albicans?
Candidiasis
- fungal microbes that if over grow in the vagina can cause inflammation of the vaginal walls and itching…possibly white discharge ….YEAST INFECTION
Perineum?
- erotically sensitive area between the vaginal opening and anus.
Name a muscle of the pelvic floor that stiffens the walls of the vagina during sex thus increasing sensations for both partners…and that can be toned via kegel exercises! (prevents involuntary what?)
- Pubococcugeus muscles
- leakage of urine and feces (incontinence )
Grafenberg spot??
- contributing structure is most likely
paraurethral glands - ducts open into the urethra, homologous with the prostate gland in men…and release fluid during orgasm in some women !
Hysteria:
- greek word meaning?
- womb
Hysteria:
- medical term referring to what?
- physical and mental problems thought to be caused by the uterus
Hysteria:
- 19th century physicians thought that this was due to what?
- lack of sexual stimulation…they therefore manually stimulated the clitoral area of their patients in check ups.
Hysteria:
- greeks believed what about the uterus?
- bitch moved around a lot in the body causing mayhem physically and psychologically wherever it went.
Hysteria:
-Chattanogoa Vibrator?
- physicians solution to stimulating female patients since manually doing it required a lot of time.
Hysteria:
- who put an end to hysteria not intentionally?
- Siggy Freud
L> he said it was rooted in child molestation past and that a woman’s nervous cough meant they wanted to have oral sex with their father….
Oviducts?
- aka fallopian tubes
- pathway from uterus to left and right ovary
L> fert occurs here
Isthmus?
- part of oviduct near the uterus that is narrow
Most common site of fert?
- ampulla
What is Pelvic inflammatory disease? (PID)
- mucous in the cervix normally prevents bacteria etc from entering via plugging ….some STI’s can get partly or fully past this and cause inflammation in the repro tract and possibly into the pelvic cavity
Female Circumcision?
- a common practice where?
- 29 countries mostly Africa, ME and Indonesia
Female Circumcision?
What are the three types?
- Sunnah , Clitoridectomy and Infibulation
Female Circumcision?
- Sunnah?
- removal of the clitoral hood and often part of the clitoris
Female Circumcision?
- Clitoridectomy ?
-removal of the entire clitoral glans and shaft
Female Circumcision?
- Infibulation?
- removal of the clitoris, the labia minor and parts of the labia major (often finished via stitching together)
Female Circumcision?
- method?
- use crude instruments by non medical practitioners
Female Circumcision?
- used for what purpose?
- discourage sexual activity
Female Circumcision?
Heavily protested by?
- women rights groups
Uterus?
- hollow organ that lies within the pelvic cavity beyond the vagina
L> cervix = narrow part
Wall of the uterus consists of? (3)
- endometrium
- myometrium
- perimetrium
- Endometrium?
- inner lining of uterus….. functions in transport of sperm and implantation and nourishment of the embryo
The endometrium undergoes changes when?
- menstrual cycle
- shedding of the layer…menstruation
- Myometrium is composed of?
- mostly smooth muscle…..cannot be contracted at will (ANS control)
L> helps in labour
- Perimetirum?
- separates the uterus from the pelvic cavity
PAP TEST?
- external exam of vulva
- speculum opens up vaginal walls exposing it and the cervix
- spatula is used to sample cervix tissue…(cervical os)
Further testing if suspicious lesions etc?
- biopsies of the cervix….. colposcopy
Cervical Cancer?
- abnormal blood stained vaginal discharge…pain during intercourse or bleeding during…
Endometrial cancer?
- uterine cancer
L> more common than cervical
L> better survival
Endometrial cancer common early symptoms
- abnormal vaginal bleeding or colourless discharge
Endometrial cancer less common symptoms?
L> Pap test?
- pelvic pain a mass..in the pelvis and weight loss
L> PAP TEST DOES NOT TEST FOR THIS….cells taken from uterus does
Hysterectomy?
- except for earliest stages of cervical cancer..cancer of the uterus is treated by removal of the entire organ
Explain the following conditions that are more common that uterine cancer:
- Fibroids
- Endometriosis
- Prolapse
- noncancerous tumours of smooth muscle within or outside the uterus
- growth of endometrial tissue at abnormal areas within the pelvic cavity…ex: oviducts
- downward sagging of the uterus into the vagina ..via weakening of ligaments that normally support the uterus and of the muscle of the pelvic floor
What do the infundibulum contain? (flared out openings at the end of the oviduct)
- fimbria…. finger like projections……
L> catch ovum during ovulation and propel it into the oviduct….
OVARIES?
- gonads
function of ovaries?
- release of mature oocytes (ovulation)
- - production and secretion of sex hormones
Genulosa and thecal cells play key roles in what?
production of hormones (sex)
Risk factors for ovarian cancer?
- history of it, cancer promoting genes, early onset of menstruation (menarche), late menopause, not having kids, obesity, prolonged hormone replacement therapy.
What reduces risk of ovarian cancer by about 60%
- five years of using oral contraceptives
Early ovarian cancer is _____
asymptomatic (no symptoms)
Blood levels of _____ indicate ovarian cancer
- high lvls of CA-125
PCOS - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- common
- secrete high lvld of androgens…. irregular menstruation, infertility and a male like pattern of facial and body hair
Ovarian cysts?
- fluid filled sacs…cause pain
- found during pelvic exam
- usually normal ovarian follicles that have to yet ovulated r have grown larger than usual…
Mammary glands =?
L> considered ____ sexual characteristics
- breasts
- secondary
Breasts are divided into 15-20 ___ which are further divided into __.
lobes
lobules
In women who are producing milk each lobule contains what?
- alveoli ( cavities lined with glandular cells that secrete milk)
Milk collects where?
leaves where?
- lactiferous sinuses near and within the nipple
- areolae - circular pathces of skin around the nipple
No matter how big the breast they have the same amount of what?
- nerve endings ..more concentrated in small…diffuse in large
Mastectomy?
- removal of affected breast
Heart diseases kills more or less than breast cancer?
- more
Mammography?
- breast cancer screening tech
- low dose X-ray..
L> if a lump is found….ultrasound is used…..if it seems cancerous a biopsy is taken..
