Chapter 8. ADHD Flashcards
Alpha-2 receptor agonist
A class of medications sometimes used to treat ADHD in children; originally developed to treat hypertension in adults; guanfacine (Intuniv) is an example
Amphetamines
A class of stimulant medications used to treat ADHD; increases the release of dopamine from presynaptic storage vesicles, resulting in more dopamine output to the synapse; Adderall and Dexedrine are examples
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A DSM-5 neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity that emerges prior to age 12 years, is present in two or more settings, and interferes with academic or social functioning
ADHD, combined presentation
A presentation of ADHD characterized by significant inattentive and significant hyperactive–impulsive symptoms
ADHD, predominantly hyperactive–impulsive presentation
A presentation of ADHD characterized by significant hyperactive–impulsive symptoms but sub-threshold problems with inattention; usually seen in younger children with ADHD
ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation
A presentation of ADHD characterized by significant inattentive symptoms but sub-threshold problems with hyperactivity–impulsivity; usually seen in older children and adolescents with ADHD
Barkley’s neurodevelopmental model (for ADHD)
A model for ADHD; suggests that ADHD is caused by underlying deficits in behavioral inhibition which impair the development of executive functioning
Behavioral activation system (BAS)
According to Gray, a neuropsychological system responsible for approaching stimuli and adjusting behavior to achieve reinforcement
Behavioral classroom management
An evidence-based treatment for ADHD in which teachers or educational specialists administer positive reinforcement to foster appropriate behavior at school; can be combined with peer interventions to improve social functioning
Behavioral inhibition
The ability to inhibit immediate responses, especially responses that provide immediate gratification
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
According to Gray, a neuropsychological system responsible for slowing or stopping behavior in response to punishment or a lack of reinforcement
Clinical behavior therapy
An evidence-based, behavioral treatment for ADHD in children; relies on monitoring and positive reinforcement for appropriate actions; consists of parent consultation, school consultation, and a combined home–school reward system
Creative problem-solving
The capacity to analyze, manipulate, and combine ideas or objects in a novel way; an executive function important to directing one’s own behavior in anticipation of long-term reinforcement
Daily report card
A daily record of children’s appropriate behavior at school, which can be monitored and rewarded by parents at home
Default mode network
A neural pathway implicated in ADHD; consists of the medial prefrontal, parietal, and temporal lobes; active during daydreaming and mind-wandering
Dopamine D4 and D5 receptor genes
Genes that regulate certain dopamine receptors; abnormalities in these genes may play a role in ADHD
Dopamine transporter gene (DAT1)
A gene that regulates the reuptake of dopamine in the brain; abnormalities in this gene may play a role in ADHD
Four basic executive functions
In Barkley’s neuro-developmental model of ADHD: working memory, internalized speech, emotion regulation, and creative problem-solving
Frontal–striatal neural circuit
A brain pathway associated with ADHD; consists of the striatum and right prefrontal cortex
Internalized speech
According to Vygotsky, children’s tendency to mentally rehearse the voice of adults as they practice overt actions; an executive function important to regulating one’s own behavior
Mesolimbic neural circuit
A brain pathway associated with ADHD; consists of the (1) VTA and nucleus accumbens, (2) amygdala and hippocampus, and (3) prefrontal cortex
Methylphenidate
A class of stimulant medications used to treat ADHD; slows the dopamine transporter system that removes dopamine from the cleft, allowing dopamine to remain in the cleft longer; Concerta and Ritalin are examples
MOSAIC (Making Socially Accepting Inclusive Classrooms)
A brief classroom behavior management program designed to improve the social functioning of youths with ADHD
Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA)
A large study comparing the effects of medication and behavior therapy for children with ADHD
Nonshared environmental factors
Environmental factors experienced by one child but not his or her siblings (e.g., problems during gestation, peer rejection in elementary school)
Normalization
A term used to describe the functioning of children who receive treatment and whose functioning is similar to that of children without disabilities or disorders
Parent consultation
Sometimes called parent training; involves helping caregivers learn more effective ways to manage children’s ADHD signs and symptoms
Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS)
A randomized controlled study showing that stimulant medication is efficacious in reducing ADHD symptoms in children age 3 to 5 years
Psychostimulants
The most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD; affect dopamine and norepinephrine; increase attention and behavioral inhibition
Right prefrontal cortex
An anterior brain region responsible for inhibition and impulse control (orbitofrontal region) and attention, organization, and planning (dorsolateral region)
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
Nonstimulant medication used to treat ADHD; regulates the reuptake of neurotransmitters and regulates attention, behavior, and mood; atomoxetine (Strattera) is an example
Sluggish cognitive tempo
A pattern of behavior characterized by daydreaming, mind-wandering, drowsy appearance, lethargy, social passivity, concentration problems, and inattention; frequently co-occurs with ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation
Sociometric ratings
A method used to assess peer status among school-age children; youths rate classmates with whom they would most and least like to play
Striatum
Part of the basal ganglia; consists of
the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus;
regulates behavior in response to feedback from the environment
Summer Treatment Program (STP)
An evidence-based, psychosocial treatment for children with ADHD; consists of immediate, positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior in the classroom, during social skills activities, and while playing sports
