Chapter 10. Substance Use Problems

Question 1

12-step programs

Answer 1

A treatment approach that conceptualizes substance use problems as a disease and emphasizes the need for humility and social support to achieve abstinence; involves attending regular meetings with other individuals with substance use problems

Question 2

Abstinence violation effect

Answer 2

Feeling shame or guilt after breaking a period of abstinence; often results in continued substance use to alleviate these negative emotions

Question 3

Allostasis

Answer 3

Physical changes in the brain (e.g., reduction in reception number or sensitivity) due to recurrent substance use

Question 4

ASSIST

Answer 4

A measure administered to adolescents and parents to screen for a wide range of substance use problems in adolescents

Question 5

Biphasic effect

Answer 5

A description of the effects of alcohol on individuals; mild to moderate alcohol use produces largely desirable effects, whereas extended use produces largely adverse effects

Question 6

Cannabinoid receptors

Answer 6

Neurotransmitter receptors that regulate appetite, pain sensation, mood, and memory

Question 7

Cannabis Youth Treatment Study

Answer 7

A large study that examined the relative efficacy of psychosocial treatments for marijuana and alcohol use problems in adolescents

Question 8

Circular questioning

Answer 8

A family therapy technique in which the therapist asks each family member to describe a problem or situation

Question 9

Conduct problems pathway

Answer 9

A developmental pathway used to explain the emergence of substance use disorders; includes (1) neurobehavioral undercontrol, (2) disruptive behavior and academic problems, and (3) peer rejection and deviant peers who introduce and reinforce substance use

Question 10

CRAFFT

Answer 10

An acronym used to screen for substance use disorders in adolescents: car, relax, alone, forget, friends, trouble

Question 11

Decisional balance

Answer 11

A technique used in motivational enhancement therapy and CBT in which the therapist and adolescent identify the costs and benefits of (1) continued and (2) reduced substance use

Question 12

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Answer 12

The most powerful cannabinoid found in marijuana

Question 13

E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI)

Answer 13

A serious health risk associated with vaping; symptoms include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, flu-like symptoms, digestive problems, and risk of respiratory or cardiovascular failure

Question 14

Functional family therapy

Answer 14

A systems approach to treating adolescents with substance use problems; therapists try to change the nature of relationships and quality of interactions within the family

Question 15

Gateway hypothesis

Answer 15

Posits that adolescents who use marijuana are at increased risk of using other substances; has received mixed support in the research literature

Question 16

Harm reduction

Answer 16

Asserts that the primary goal of therapy is to help clients identify and avoid substance use that has high potential for harm; the goal is not necessarily abstinence

Question 17

Individualized feedback

Answer 17

A technique used in motivational enhancement therapy and CBT in which the therapist presents data showing the adolescent’s substance use in comparison to other adolescents of the same age and gender

Question 18

Joining

Answer 18

A family therapy technique in which the therapist builds rapport with the family by listening to and empathizing with their concerns

Question 19

Mesocortical pathway

Answer 19

A division of the brain’s reward pathway; extends from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to the frontal cortex; underlies our ability to plan and prioritize actions that bring reward

Question 20

Mesolimbic pathway

Answer 20

A division of the brain’s reward pathway; extends from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus in the limbic system; underlies subjective feelings of satisfaction, approach-seeking behavior, and learning

Question 21

Monitoring the Future (MTF)

Answer 21

An annual study conducted by the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research of approximately 50,000 adolescents; used to estimate substance use, problems, accessibility, and attitudes

Question 22

Motivational enhancement therapy

Answer 22

A brief therapy in which the therapist uses active listening and supportive questioning to increase a client’s willingness to change his or her substance use

Question 23

Multidimensional family therapy (MDFT)

Answer 23

A type of family-based treatment that addresses (1) the adolescent’s substance use, (2) parenting behavior, (3) parent–child interactions, and (4) peers/school

Question 24

Negative reinforcement pathway

Answer 24

A developmental pathway used to explain the emergence of substance use disorders; assumes that substance use is negatively reinforced by the alleviation of stress or negative affect

Question 25

Positive reinforcement pathway

Answer 25

A developmental pathway used to explain the emergence of substance use disorders; includes (1) genetic risk, (2) sensitivity to the effects of the substance, and (3) positive expectations for substance use

Question 26

Relapse prevention

Answer 26

A component of CBT for substance use problems in which the therapist and client anticipate possible relapse and develop a plan for responding

Question 27

Remission

Answer 27

A specifier used to describe substance use signs and symptoms that used to be present but now no longer exist

Question 28

Righting reflex

Answer 28

The natural tendency to give advice or to tell people how to solve their problems; usually unhelpful and can lead to resentment or frustration

Question 29

Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT)

Answer 29

Describes the current, best practice in identifying youths at risk for substance use problems and preventing substance use disorders

Question 30

Stages of change model

Answer 30

A transtheoretical model for a client’s readiness to change; includes (1) precontemplation, (2) contemplation, (3) preparation, (4) action, and (5) maintenance

Question 31

Substance-induced disorder

Answer 31

A group of DSM-5 disorders that describe specific syndromes caused by either the ingestion or withdrawal of substances; includes (1) substance intoxication, (2) substance withdrawal, and (3) substance-induced mental disorder

Question 32

Substance use disorder

Answer 32

A problematic pattern of substance use leading to distress or impairment and characterized by (1) impaired control, (2) social problems, (3) risk-taking, and/or (4) tolerance or withdrawal; in DSM-5, individuals are diagnosed based on the type of substance

Question 33

Tolerance

Answer 33

Occurs when a person (1) needs more of a substance to achieve intoxication or (2) the same amount of a substance produces diminished effects over repeated use

Question 34

Withdrawal

Answer 34

Occurs when a person (1) experiences negative physiological symptoms when they stop or reduce substance use or (2) takes a different substance to avoid these negative symptoms