Chapter 10. Substance Use Problems Flashcards
12-step programs
A treatment approach that conceptualizes substance use problems as a disease and emphasizes the need for humility and social support to achieve abstinence; involves attending regular meetings with other individuals with substance use problems
Abstinence violation effect
Feeling shame or guilt after breaking a period of abstinence; often results in continued substance use to alleviate these negative emotions
Allostasis
Physical changes in the brain (e.g., reduction in reception number or sensitivity) due to recurrent substance use
ASSIST
A measure administered to adolescents and parents to screen for a wide range of substance use problems in adolescents
Biphasic effect
A description of the effects of alcohol on individuals; mild to moderate alcohol use produces largely desirable effects, whereas extended use produces largely adverse effects
Cannabinoid receptors
Neurotransmitter receptors that regulate appetite, pain sensation, mood, and memory
Cannabis Youth Treatment Study
A large study that examined the relative efficacy of psychosocial treatments for marijuana and alcohol use problems in adolescents
Circular questioning
A family therapy technique in which the therapist asks each family member to describe a problem or situation
Conduct problems pathway
A developmental pathway used to explain the emergence of substance use disorders; includes (1) neurobehavioral undercontrol, (2) disruptive behavior and academic problems, and (3) peer rejection and deviant peers who introduce and reinforce substance use
CRAFFT
An acronym used to screen for substance use disorders in adolescents: car, relax, alone, forget, friends, trouble
Decisional balance
A technique used in motivational enhancement therapy and CBT in which the therapist and adolescent identify the costs and benefits of (1) continued and (2) reduced substance use
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
The most powerful cannabinoid found in marijuana
E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI)
A serious health risk associated with vaping; symptoms include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, flu-like symptoms, digestive problems, and risk of respiratory or cardiovascular failure
Functional family therapy
A systems approach to treating adolescents with substance use problems; therapists try to change the nature of relationships and quality of interactions within the family
Gateway hypothesis
Posits that adolescents who use marijuana are at increased risk of using other substances; has received mixed support in the research literature
Harm reduction
Asserts that the primary goal of therapy is to help clients identify and avoid substance use that has high potential for harm; the goal is not necessarily abstinence
Individualized feedback
A technique used in motivational enhancement therapy and CBT in which the therapist presents data showing the adolescent’s substance use in comparison to other adolescents of the same age and gender
Joining
A family therapy technique in which the therapist builds rapport with the family by listening to and empathizing with their concerns
Mesocortical pathway
A division of the brain’s reward pathway; extends from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to the frontal cortex; underlies our ability to plan and prioritize actions that bring reward
Mesolimbic pathway
A division of the brain’s reward pathway; extends from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus in the limbic system; underlies subjective feelings of satisfaction, approach-seeking behavior, and learning
Monitoring the Future (MTF)
An annual study conducted by the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research of approximately 50,000 adolescents; used to estimate substance use, problems, accessibility, and attitudes
Motivational enhancement therapy
A brief therapy in which the therapist uses active listening and supportive questioning to increase a client’s willingness to change his or her substance use
Multidimensional family therapy (MDFT)
A type of family-based treatment that addresses (1) the adolescent’s substance use, (2) parenting behavior, (3) parent–child interactions, and (4) peers/school
Negative reinforcement pathway
A developmental pathway used to explain the emergence of substance use disorders; assumes that substance use is negatively reinforced by the alleviation of stress or negative affect
Positive reinforcement pathway
A developmental pathway used to explain the emergence of substance use disorders; includes (1) genetic risk, (2) sensitivity to the effects of the substance, and (3) positive expectations for substance use
Relapse prevention
A component of CBT for substance use problems in which the therapist and client anticipate possible relapse and develop a plan for responding
Remission
A specifier used to describe substance use signs and symptoms that used to be present but now no longer exist
Righting reflex
The natural tendency to give advice or to tell people how to solve their problems; usually unhelpful and can lead to resentment or frustration
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT)
Describes the current, best practice in identifying youths at risk for substance use problems and preventing substance use disorders
Stages of change model
A transtheoretical model for a client’s readiness to change; includes (1) precontemplation, (2) contemplation, (3) preparation, (4) action, and (5) maintenance
Substance-induced disorder
A group of DSM-5 disorders that describe specific syndromes caused by either the ingestion or withdrawal of substances; includes (1) substance intoxication, (2) substance withdrawal, and (3) substance-induced mental disorder
Substance use disorder
A problematic pattern of substance use leading to distress or impairment and characterized by (1) impaired control, (2) social problems, (3) risk-taking, and/or (4) tolerance or withdrawal; in DSM-5, individuals are diagnosed based on the type of substance
Tolerance
Occurs when a person (1) needs more of a substance to achieve intoxication or (2) the same amount of a substance produces diminished effects over repeated use
Withdrawal
Occurs when a person (1) experiences negative physiological symptoms when they stop or reduce substance use or (2) takes a different substance to avoid these negative symptoms
