Chapter 13. Depression, Suicide & Self-Injury

Question 1

Activity scheduling

Answer 1

A behavioral treatment for depression in which the child commits to engaging in a pleasant activity to increase opportunities for positive reinforcement

Question 2

Automatic thoughts

Answer 2

In Beck’s cognitive theory of depression, negative statements or mental images that arise immediately after a stressor

Question 3

Bullying

Answer 3

Intentional, repetitive, aggressive behavior that is directed from a person with higher power toward a person of lower power

Question 4

Cognitive bias

Answer 4

In Beck’s cognitive theory of depression, the tendency to attend to negative aspects of events and to downplay or ignore positive aspects

Question 5

Cognitive distortion

Answer 5

In Beck’s cognitive theory of depression, the tendency to twist reality to make events more problematic than they really are

Question 6

Cognitive restructuring

Answer 6

A technique used in cognitive therapy in which the therapist challenges a cognitive bias or distortion by asking the child to look at the situation in an objective, flexible manner

Question 7

Collaborative empiricism

Answer 7

In cognitive–behavior therapy, the tendency of therapist and client to work together to test the client’s beliefs using objective evidence

Question 8

Communication analysis

Answer 8

In interpersonal therapy, a close examination of an interaction between the child and another person; the goal is to improve the quality of the interaction and the child’s mood

Question 9

Comprehensive family therapy

Answer 9

A treatment program for children with DMDD and their parents; sessions focus on psychoeducation, use of operant conditioning to manage children’s behavior, and emotion-regulation skills

Question 10

Cyberbullying

Answer 10

A form of bullying in which individuals use digital media to hurt, threaten, harass, or embarrass someone

Question 11

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Answer 11

A psychosocial treatment for youths with mood problems who engage in self-harm; balances accepting the client with encouraging the client to change

Question 12

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

Answer 12

A DSM-5 depressive disorder characterized by (1) severe and recurrent temper outbursts and (2) persistently angry or irritable mood

Question 13

Distress tolerance

Answer 13

A component of dialectical behavior therapy in which the adolescent recognizes and accepts unpleasant emotions instead of reacting to them

Question 14

Four-function model of NSSI

Answer 14

Posits that youths engage in NSSI because of positive or negative reinforcement; furthermore, NSSI can be either automatic or social

Question 15

Hopelessness theory of suicide

Answer 15

Suicide risk increases when an individual (1) attributes a negative event to stable and global causes, (2) believes the event is important, and (3) believes that he or she is worthless

Question 16

Interpersonal inventory

Answer 16

In interpersonal therapy, an exploration of significant relationships in the child’s life and changes to these relationships that might contribute to mood problems

Question 17

Interpersonal–psychological theory of suicide

Answer 17

Posits that suicide is prompted by three factors: (1) perceived burdensomeness, (2) thwarted belongingness, and (3) capability for suicide

Question 18

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

Answer 18

An evidence-based psychosocial treatment for depression that targets disruptions or deficiencies in children’s relationships

Question 19

Interpretation bias training

Answer 19

A computer-based therapy program in which children with DMDD learn to correctly identify the emotional displays of others

Question 20

Kindling hypothesis

Answer 20

Posits that early depressive episodes sensitize individuals to stressful life events and make them more likely to experience depressive episodes in the future

Question 21

Learned helplessness

Answer 21

The idea that people become depressed when they frequently experience failure; over time, they despair rather than cope effectively

Question 22

Limited sick role

Answer 22

In interpersonal therapy, children’s problems are attributed to depression instead of blaming children themselves

Question 23

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 23

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by depressed mood, anhedonia, and other indicators of dysphoria that last for at least 2 weeks and cause significant distress or impairment

Question 24

Means restriction

Answer 24

A technique to reduce suicidal actions by limiting children’s access to harmful materials or situations (e.g., guns, pain medication)

Question 25

Mindfulness

Answer 25

A component of dialectical behavior therapy in which the adolescent learns to observe events in the present moment without judgment

Question 26

Monoamine hypothesis

Answer 26

Posits that depression is caused by dysregulation of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine

Question 27

Mood thermometer

Answer 27

A visual gauge that children can use to rate the intensity of their emotions

Question 28

Negative attributional style

Answer 28

The tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global factors and positive events to external, unstable, and situational factors

Question 29

Negative schema

Answer 29

In Beck’s cognitive theory of depression, a negative view of self, world, and the future that can affect one’s perception of events

Question 30

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Answer 30

Any action that is self-inflicted and results in injury or potential for injury, but without intent to die

Question 31

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 31

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by chronically depressed and/or irritable mood for at least 2 years in adults or 1 year in children and resulting in significant distress or impairment

Question 32

Response-contingent positive reinforcement

Answer 32

Pleasant experiences that are gained through one’s actions

Question 33

Safety plan

Answer 33

A verbal and written agreement between adolescents, caregivers, and therapists that is designed to reduce the likelihood of suicidal behavior

Question 34

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 34

Antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin, allowing it to be detected in the synaptic cleft more easily; effective in reducing depression in children

Question 35

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Answer 35

Antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, allowing these neurotransmitters to be detected in the synaptic cleft more easily; effective in reducing depression in children

Question 36

SMART goals

Answer 36

In cognitive–behavioral therapy, treatment objectives that are specifically stated, measurable, appealing, realistic, and timed

Question 37

Social contagion model

Answer 37

A theory in which peers are believed to model and reinforce self-injury

Question 38

Socratic questioning

Answer 38

In cognitive–behavior therapy, the tendency of the therapist to challenge the child’s beliefs by asking questions to draw out information from the child

Question 39

Suicidal self-injury

Answer 39

Any action that is self-inflicted and results in injury or the potential for injury, with an intent to die

Question 40

Survey of Outcomes Following Treatment for Adolescent Depression (SOFTAD)

Answer 40

A follow-up to TADS; showed that most youths recover from their initial depressive episode but many relapse within 3 years

Question 41

Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS)

Answer 41

A large, randomized controlled study that showed that

medication and therapy yielded slightly better outcomes than medication alone for adolescents with depression

Question 42

Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters (TASA) study

Answer 42

A study that demonstrated that antidepressant medication reduced suicidal behavior in youths who previously attempted suicide

Question 43

Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) study

Answer 43

A large, randomized controlled study that indicated
that the combination of medication and therapy was
superior to medication alone for adolescents with
treatment-resistant depression

Question 44

Tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 44

Older antidepressants that affect serotonin and norepinephrine but do not reduce depressive symptoms in children better than placebo; can cause serious side effects