Chapter 16. Health-Related Disorders

Question 1

Adherence

Answer 1

In the field of pediatric psychology, the degree
to which children and families agree with, understand,
and follow the recommendations of medical staff

Question 2

Antihistamines

Answer 2

Medications that block the naturally
occurring neurotransmitter histamine and cause
drowsiness and sedation

Question 3

Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

Answer 3

A naturally occurring hormone that increases urine concentration and reduces its total volume

Question 4

Benzodiazepines

Answer 4

Medications that augment GABA and produce marked sedation; can cause tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

Question 5

Chronotherapy

Answer 5

A behavioral treatment for circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorder; involves gradually advancing or delaying bedtime until the person’s sleep–wake cycle is aligned with his or her daily schedule

Question 6

Circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorder

Answer 6

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by a persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep problems caused by a mismatch between the person’s typical sleep–wake pattern and the schedule required by the person’s school or work

Question 7

Cleanliness training

Answer 7

A version of overcorrection used to treat nocturnal enuresis; children must wake, change their pajamas and bedding, and reactivate the urine alarm prior to returning to bed

Question 8

Consultation

Answer 8

In the field of pediatric psychology, providing professional recommendations or assistance to a medical professional regarding an aspect of a child’s behavior that interferes with treatment

Question 9

Continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) device

Answer 9

A small mask connected to a tube and ventilator that provides constant air pressure to keep the individual’s airway open during sleep

Question 10

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Answer 10

The most commonly prescribed medication for nocturnal enuresis; a synthetic version of vasopressin, the hormone that reduces nighttime urine production

Question 11

Encopresis

Answer 11

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places whether involuntary or intentional; the individual must be at least 4 years of age, and the act must occur at least once per month for 3 months and cause distress or impairment

Question 12

Enuresis

Answer 12

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by the repeated voiding of urine into the bed or clothes whether involuntary or intentional; the individual must be at least 5 years of age and the act must occur at least twice per week for 3 months and cause distress or impairment

Question 13

Full spectrum home training (FSHT)

Answer 13

Comprehensive behavior treatment of nocturnal enuresis; includes (1) education and behavioral contracting, (2) urine alarm training, (3) cleanliness training, (4) retention control training, and (5) overlearning

Question 14

Insomnia disorder

Answer 14

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by predominant difficulty or dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality associated with problems going to sleep, remaining asleep, or returning to sleep; occurs at least 3 nights per week for 3 months and causes distress or impairment

Question 15

Liaison (pediatric psychology)

Answer 15

In the field of pediatric psychology, mental health professionals who help members of an interdisciplinary health care team coordinate treatment and communicate with each other and the child’s family or school

Question 16

Monosymptomatic primary enuresis (MPE)

Answer 16

A term used to describe children who wet only at night, have never been able to stay dry each night for longer than 6 months, and have no known medical cause for their wetting

Question 17

Nightmare disorder

Answer 17

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by repeated, extended, and upsetting dreams that occur during REM sleep, typically involve threats to personal security, and cause distress or impairment; the person can be easily awakened and has a vivid memory of the dream

Question 18

Nightmare imagery rehearsal therapy

Answer 18

A cognitive treatment for nightmare disorder; children rewrite the nightmare in a manner that emphasizes mastery or resilience and then mentally rehearse the dream daily

Question 19

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea

Answer 19

A DSM-5 sleep–wake disorder characterized by recurrent breathing disruptions (apneas) or episodes of shallow breathing (hypopneas) during sleep that leads to breathing disturbance (e.g., gasping, snoring) or daytime sleepiness

Question 20

Overlearning

Answer 20

A component of full spectrum home training; after remaining dry at night for 24 consecutive nights, a child continues to drink large amounts of fluids and delay voiding to prevent the return of nocturnal enuresis

Question 21

Pediatric psychology

Answer 21

An interdisciplinary field concerned with the application of psychology to the domain of children’s health

Question 22

Polysomnogram (PSG)

Answer 22

Assessment of a child’s sleep architecture during the course of the night; involves the monitoring of brain activity (EEG), eye movements (EOG), muscle activation (EMG), and heart rhythm (ECG)

Question 23

Polysymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PSNE)

Answer 23

A term used to describe children who wet throughout the night, void small amounts of urine, and wake after wetting; these children also frequently experience sudden urges to urinate during the day

Question 24

Primary encopresis

Answer 24

A term used to describe encopresis exhibited by a child who has no history of bowel control

Question 25

Primary enuresis

Answer 25

A term used to describe enuresis exhibited by a child who has never been able to stay dry at night

Question 26

Retention control training

Answer 26

A component of full spectrum home training; children with enuresis drink increasing larger amounts of fluids and delay voiding for longer periods of time to become sensitive to a full bladder and to increase functional bladder capacity

Question 27

Secondary encopresis

Answer 27

A term used to describe encopresis exhibited by a child who formerly showed appropriate toilet use

Question 28

Secondary enuresis

Answer 28

A term used to describe enuresis exhibited by a child who was previously toilet trained for at least 6 months and then began to show enuresis

Question 29

Sleep architecture

Answer 29

Activity of the central nervous system during sleep; consists of a series of stages of non-REM sleep usually followed by a REM episode when repeated over the course of the night

Question 30

Sleep arousal disorders

Answer 30

DSM-5 disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening during non-REM sleep resulting in either (1) sleepwalking or (2) sleep terrors; the child experiences no dreams during the episode and has no memory of the episode the next day

Question 31

Sleep hygiene

Answer 31

Developmentally appropriate behaviors and environmental conditions that promote restful sleep

Question 32

Sleep terror

Answer 32

A type of sleep arousal disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of abrupt panic and autonomic arousal during non-REM sleep; the child typically lacks responsiveness and is unable to be consoled during the episode; causes distress or impairment during the day

Question 33

Sleep–wake disorders

Answer 33

A class of DSM-5 disorders characterized by disruptions in a person’s sleep patterns or dissatisfaction regarding the quality, timing, or amount of sleep; causes distress or impairment

Question 34

Sleepwalking

Answer 34

A type of sleep arousal disorder characterized by the tendency to leave the bed and walk during non-REM sleep; the person usually has reduced responsiveness to others and is difficult to wake

Question 35

Urine alarm

Answer 35

A small mechanical device worn in children’s underpants or placed in bedding that detects urine and wakes the child with a noise and/or vibration

Question 36

Voiding postponement

Answer 36

A cause of daytime wetting in young children; children avoid voiding in the toilet because they are engrossed in other activities