Chapter 14. Bipolar & Schizophrenia Flashcards
Attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS)
A term used to describe the earliest signs and symptoms of psychosis (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech) occurring weekly for at least 1 year, in the absence of a psychotic episode; a “condition for further study” in DSM-5
Bipolar I disorder
A DSM-5 disorder characterized by at least one manic episode that results in marked impairment in functioning, requires hospitalization, or is associated with psychotic features
Bipolar II disorder
A DSM-5 disorder characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode that results in a marked change in functioning but does not lead to impairment or require hospitalization
Child- and family-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy (CFF-CBT)
Treatment for children (aged 7–13) with bipolar disorders and their caregivers; components include (1) monitoring and regulating emotions, (2) improving parent–child interactions, and (3) managing disruptive child behavior
Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study
A large study of the course of bipolar disorders in children; results showed that most youths with bipolar disorders recovered from their symptoms, continued to experience mood problems, and experienced another mood episode
Cyclothymic disorder
A DSM-5 disorder characterized by periods of hypomanic symptoms (but not a hypomanic episode) and depressive symptoms (but not a major depressive episode) lasting at least 1 year in children and adolescents
Delusions
Erroneous, often bizarre, beliefs that usually involve a misinterpretation of perceptions or experiences
Dopamine hypothesis
Posits that the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by excessive stimulation of certain dopamine receptors (D2 receptors) along the mesolimbic pathway
Expressed emotion (EE)
Criticism, hostility, or emotional overinvolvement toward a family member with a psychiatric disorder
Extrapyramidal side effects
Side effects associated with the use of conventional antipsychotics; include problems initiating movements, feelings of restlessness, and tardive dyskinesia
Family-focused treatment for adolescents (FFT-A)
A family systems therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder and their caregivers; seeks to improve parent–child communication and problem-solving and avoid future mood episodes by decreasing expressed emotion
Flight of ideas
Racing thoughts often experienced by people with mania or hypomania
Goal-directed activity
A tendency to initiate a wide range of new behaviors
Grandiosity
Unusually high self-confidence, exaggerated self-esteem, and overrated self-importance
Hallucinations
Erroneous, often bizarre, perceptions that do not correspond to reality
Hypofrontality hypothesis
Posits that underactivity among certain dopamine receptors (D1 receptors) in themesocortical pathway is responsible for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Hypomanic episode
A distinct period of abnormally, persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity and energy, lasting at least 4 days, but less than 1 week, and occurring most of the day nearly every day
Insula
A centrally located region of the brain responsible for emotion regulation, self-awareness, and interpersonal functioning
Lateral ventricles
Canals in the center of the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid; sometimes enlarged in adults with schizophrenia
Lithium (Eskalith)
A mood-stabilizing medication used to treat bipolar disorders in adults; regulates norepinephrine and serotonin
Mania
A discrete period of abnormally, persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased level of energy and activity; an essential feature of all DSM-5 bipolar disorders
Manic episode
A distinct period of abnormally, persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity and energy, lasting at least 1 week and occurring most of the day nearly every day
Mixed mood
The presence of either a manic or hypomanic episode and subthreshold symptoms of depression or, alternatively, the presence of a major depressive episode and subthreshold hypomanic symptoms
Negative symptoms
Features of schizophrenia that reflect behavioral “underexpressions”; include flat affect, avolition, social withdrawal, passivity, apathy, and lack of spontaneity
Negatively escalating cycle of communication
Parent–child interaction in which criticism from one family member elicits countercriticism from another family member, until it is difficult to resolve; usually involves a three-volley sequence
Neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia
Posits that early environmental stressors, combined with biogenetic risk factors, lead to abnormalities in the organization and development of the central nervous system; these abnormalities can be triggered to produce schizophrenia
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
A rare condition caused by an initial, high dose of conventional antipsychotic medication; characterized by severe muscle rigidity, loss of motor control, fever, and high blood pressure
Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS)
A large study showing that the children of individuals with bipolar disorders are at increased risk for bipolar disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety themselves
Positive symptoms
Features of schizophrenia that reflect “behavioral overexpressions”; include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness, and hostility
Prodromal signs or symptoms
Signs or symptoms that occur before the onset of a disorder
Psychoeducational psychotherapy (PEP)
A treatment for children (aged 8–12) with bipolar and mood disorders and their caregivers; can be administered to individual families or groups of families together; teaches families about mood disorders, emotion regulation, and problem-solving skills
Psychomotor agitation
Overt actions that are characterized by hyperactivity, restlessness, or impulsivity
Schizophrenia
A DSM-5 psychotic disorder characterized by the presence of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized actions, and/or diminished emotional expression or lack of motor activity that impair functioning for at least 6 months
Tardive dyskinesia
A side effect of prolonged use of conventional antipsychotics; characterized by involuntary, purposeless, and repetitive movements of the face, mouth, and jaw
Treatment of Early Age Mania (TEAM) study
A large study that showed atypical antipsychotics were more effective than traditional mood stabilizers for reducing bipolar symptoms in children and younger adolescents
Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) study
A large study showing significant, but modest, benefits for conventional and atypical antipsychotic medication in reducing children’s psychotic symptoms
