Chapter 14. Bipolar & Schizophrenia

Question 1

Attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS)

Answer 1

A term used to describe the earliest signs and symptoms of psychosis (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech) occurring weekly for at least 1 year, in the absence of a psychotic episode; a “condition for further study” in DSM-5

Question 2

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 2

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by at least one manic episode that results in marked impairment in functioning, requires hospitalization, or is associated with psychotic features

Question 3

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 3

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode that results in a marked change in functioning but does not lead to impairment or require hospitalization

Question 4

Child- and family-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy (CFF-CBT)

Answer 4

Treatment for children (aged 7–13) with bipolar disorders and their caregivers; components include (1) monitoring and regulating emotions, (2) improving parent–child interactions, and (3) managing disruptive child behavior

Question 5

Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study

Answer 5

A large study of the course of bipolar disorders in children; results showed that most youths with bipolar disorders recovered from their symptoms, continued to experience mood problems, and experienced another mood episode

Question 6

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 6

A DSM-5 disorder characterized by periods of hypomanic symptoms (but not a hypomanic episode) and depressive symptoms (but not a major depressive episode) lasting at least 1 year in children and adolescents

Question 7

Delusions

Answer 7

Erroneous, often bizarre, beliefs that usually involve a misinterpretation of perceptions or experiences

Question 8

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 8

Posits that the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by excessive stimulation of certain dopamine receptors (D2 receptors) along the mesolimbic pathway

Question 9

Expressed emotion (EE)

Answer 9

Criticism, hostility, or emotional overinvolvement toward a family member with a psychiatric disorder

Question 10

Extrapyramidal side effects

Answer 10

Side effects associated with the use of conventional antipsychotics; include problems initiating movements, feelings of restlessness, and tardive dyskinesia

Question 11

Family-focused treatment for adolescents (FFT-A)

Answer 11

A family systems therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder and their caregivers; seeks to improve parent–child communication and problem-solving and avoid future mood episodes by decreasing expressed emotion

Question 12

Flight of ideas

Answer 12

Racing thoughts often experienced by people with mania or hypomania

Question 13

Goal-directed activity

Answer 13

A tendency to initiate a wide range of new behaviors

Question 14

Grandiosity

Answer 14

Unusually high self-confidence, exaggerated self-esteem, and overrated self-importance

Question 15

Hallucinations

Answer 15

Erroneous, often bizarre, perceptions that do not correspond to reality

Question 16

Hypofrontality hypothesis

Answer 16

Posits that underactivity among certain dopamine receptors (D1 receptors) in themesocortical pathway is responsible for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 17

Hypomanic episode

Answer 17

A distinct period of abnormally, persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity and energy, lasting at least 4 days, but less than 1 week, and occurring most of the day nearly every day

Question 18

Insula

Answer 18

A centrally located region of the brain responsible for emotion regulation, self-awareness, and interpersonal functioning

Question 19

Lateral ventricles

Answer 19

Canals in the center of the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid; sometimes enlarged in adults with schizophrenia

Question 20

Lithium (Eskalith)

Answer 20

A mood-stabilizing medication used to treat bipolar disorders in adults; regulates norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 21

Mania

Answer 21

A discrete period of abnormally, persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased level of energy and activity; an essential feature of all DSM-5 bipolar disorders

Question 22

Manic episode

Answer 22

A distinct period of abnormally, persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity and energy, lasting at least 1 week and occurring most of the day nearly every day

Question 23

Mixed mood

Answer 23

The presence of either a manic or hypomanic episode and subthreshold symptoms of depression or, alternatively, the presence of a major depressive episode and subthreshold hypomanic symptoms

Question 24

Negative symptoms

Answer 24

Features of schizophrenia that reflect behavioral “underexpressions”; include flat affect, avolition, social withdrawal, passivity, apathy, and lack of spontaneity

Question 25

Negatively escalating cycle of communication

Answer 25

Parent–child interaction in which criticism from one family member elicits countercriticism from another family member, until it is difficult to resolve; usually involves a three-volley sequence

Question 26

Neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia

Answer 26

Posits that early environmental stressors, combined with biogenetic risk factors, lead to abnormalities in the organization and development of the central nervous system; these abnormalities can be triggered to produce schizophrenia

Question 27

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

Answer 27

A rare condition caused by an initial, high dose of conventional antipsychotic medication; characterized by severe muscle rigidity, loss of motor control, fever, and high blood pressure

Question 28

Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS)

Answer 28

A large study showing that the children of individuals with bipolar disorders are at increased risk for bipolar disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety themselves

Question 29

Positive symptoms

Answer 29

Features of schizophrenia that reflect “behavioral overexpressions”; include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness, and hostility

Question 30

Prodromal signs or symptoms

Answer 30

Signs or symptoms that occur before the onset of a disorder

Question 31

Psychoeducational psychotherapy (PEP)

Answer 31

A treatment for children (aged 8–12) with bipolar and mood disorders and their caregivers; can be administered to individual families or groups of families together; teaches families about mood disorders, emotion regulation, and problem-solving skills

Question 32

Psychomotor agitation

Answer 32

Overt actions that are characterized by hyperactivity, restlessness, or impulsivity

Question 33

Schizophrenia

Answer 33

A DSM-5 psychotic disorder characterized by the presence of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized actions, and/or diminished emotional expression or lack of motor activity that impair functioning for at least 6 months

Question 34

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 34

A side effect of prolonged use of conventional antipsychotics; characterized by involuntary, purposeless, and repetitive movements of the face, mouth, and jaw

Question 35

Treatment of Early Age Mania (TEAM) study

Answer 35

A large study that showed atypical antipsychotics were more effective than traditional mood stabilizers for reducing bipolar symptoms in children and younger adolescents

Question 36

Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) study

Answer 36

A large study showing significant, but modest, benefits for conventional and atypical antipsychotic medication in reducing children’s psychotic symptoms