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AP Psychology > Chapter 8&9: Memory, Thinking & Language > Flashcards

Chapter 8&9: Memory, Thinking & Language Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Memory

A

Indication that learning has persisted overtime

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2
Q

Sensory Memory

A

immediate brief recording

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3
Q

Short-term Memory

A

brief holding bin, encode by encoding for rehearsal

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4
Q

Long-term Memory

A

relatively permanent, limitless storage

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5
Q

Working Memory

A

active processing within incoming memory

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6
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information in

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7
Q

Automatic Processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information

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8
Q

Effortful Processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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9
Q

Spacing Effect

A

better yield from distributed studying rather than missed study

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10
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

recall best the last & first list items

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11
Q

Listening Curves

A

gradual upward slope representing increased retention of material as a result of learning

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12
Q

Visual

A

encoding of picture images

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13
Q

Acoustic

A

encoding of sound

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14
Q

Semantic

A

encoding of meaning

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15
Q

Sensory Memory System

A

before STM, make decision to move to STM or forget

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16
Q

Iconic Memory

A

momentary sensory memory of a visual

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17
Q

Echoic Memory

A

momentary sensory memory of an auditory stimuli

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18
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Emotional attachments assist memory

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19
Q

Short-Term

A

retain for seconds or minutes

7-9 items at a time

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20
Q

Working Memory

A

allows manipulation of info in STM

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21
Q

Long-Term

A

retain for hours, days, weeks, months, or decades

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22
Q

Consolidation

A

process of memory solidifying over time, eventually becoming permanent*

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23
Q

Implicit LTM

A

how to do something

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24
Q

Explicit LTM

A

factual, knowledge, experienced events

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25
State-dependent LTM
learning & reproduction of the material is reliant on the condition of body when learning
26
Context Dependent LTM
Remember in setting when relevant to know it
27
Retrieval
Getting information out
28
Recall
bring back and integrate specific learned details
29
Recognition
ability to pick out correct object or event from a list
30
Relearning
measure of memory that assesses the time saved when learning for second time
31
Priming
the activation, often unconscious of particular associations in memory
32
Deja Vu
sense of having experienced something before
33
Mood-Congruent
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with mood
34
Forgetting
increase in error experienced while trying to remember
35
Forgetting Curve
graphic of rate/amount of forgetting
36
Transfer of Training
process when learning is carried over from one task to another based on similarities
37
Positive Transfer
transfer to similar situation
38
Negative Transfer
interference with learning that results from differences between two otherwise similar tasks
39
Interference Theory
we forgot because there is a conflict between new and old material
40
Proactive Interference
old disrupts the new
41
Retroactive Interference
new disrupts the old
42
Motivated Forgetting
repression
43
Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information in one's memory of an event
44
Source Amnesia
attribute information to wrong source
45
Anterograde Amnesia
loss of memory for any event after a Brain Injury
46
Retrograde Amnesia
loss of memory for events prior to a Brain Injury
47
Elaboration Process
effective method for storing learned material using max number of associations
48
Mnemonic Devices
unusual associations made to aid memory | -Not to be used excessively
49
Principle Learning
focus on basic idea
50
Chunking
organizing similar information
51
Cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communications
52
Concept
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
53
Prototypes
a mental image or best example
54
Algorithm
methodical or logical rule that guarantees a solution
55
Heuristic
thinking strategy that helps us make judgments and solve problems efficiently, speedy yet error prone
56
Insight
sudden burst of realization
57
Confirmation Bias
tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and to ignore/distort contradictory evidence
58
Fixation
inability to see a problem from a new perspective
59
Mental Set
tendency to approach in particular way that has been succesful
60
Functional Fixedness
tendency to only view things in terms on visual use
61
Trial and Error
determine reasoning
62
Deductive reasoning
general to more specific information
63
Inductive reasoning
specific information to more broader generalization
64
Representative Heuristic
judging likelihood in terms of matching prototypes | -may lead us to ignore other relevant information
65
Availability Heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on memory | -easy memory = presume events is common
66
Overconfidence
tendency to be more confident than correct, overestimate accuracy
67
Belief Preseverance
cling to initial conceptions after basis has been discredited
68
Language
spoken, written, or body movement combined to communicate meaning
69
Phonemes
smallest distinctive sound unit
70
Morpheme
smallest unit with meaning
71
Grammar
system of rules for use
72
Semantics
set of rules to derive meaning
73
Syntax
rules for combining words into sensible sentences
74
B.F. Skinner
language comes from association, imitation, and reinforcement
75
Chomsky
Language comes from nurture by example, universal grammar

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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