Chapter 8&9: Memory, Thinking & Language Flashcards
Memory
Indication that learning has persisted overtime
Sensory Memory
immediate brief recording
Short-term Memory
brief holding bin, encode by encoding for rehearsal
Long-term Memory
relatively permanent, limitless storage
Working Memory
active processing within incoming memory
Encoding
Getting information in
Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
Effortful Processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Spacing Effect
better yield from distributed studying rather than missed study
Serial Position Effect
recall best the last & first list items
Listening Curves
gradual upward slope representing increased retention of material as a result of learning
Visual
encoding of picture images
Acoustic
encoding of sound
Semantic
encoding of meaning
Sensory Memory System
before STM, make decision to move to STM or forget
Iconic Memory
momentary sensory memory of a visual
Echoic Memory
momentary sensory memory of an auditory stimuli
Flashbulb Memory
Emotional attachments assist memory
Short-Term
retain for seconds or minutes
7-9 items at a time
Working Memory
allows manipulation of info in STM
Long-Term
retain for hours, days, weeks, months, or decades
Consolidation
process of memory solidifying over time, eventually becoming permanent*
Implicit LTM
how to do something
Explicit LTM
factual, knowledge, experienced events
State-dependent LTM
learning & reproduction of the material is reliant on the condition of body when learning
Context Dependent LTM
Remember in setting when relevant to know it
Retrieval
Getting information out
Recall
bring back and integrate specific learned details
Recognition
ability to pick out correct object or event from a list
Relearning
measure of memory that assesses the time saved when learning for second time
Priming
the activation, often unconscious of particular associations in memory
Deja Vu
sense of having experienced something before
Mood-Congruent
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with mood
Forgetting
increase in error experienced while trying to remember
Forgetting Curve
graphic of rate/amount of forgetting
Transfer of Training
process when learning is carried over from one task to another based on similarities
Positive Transfer
transfer to similar situation
Negative Transfer
interference with learning that results from differences between two otherwise similar tasks
Interference Theory
we forgot because there is a conflict between new and old material
Proactive Interference
old disrupts the new
Retroactive Interference
new disrupts the old
Motivated Forgetting
repression
Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information in one’s memory of an event
Source Amnesia
attribute information to wrong source
Anterograde Amnesia
loss of memory for any event after a Brain Injury
Retrograde Amnesia
loss of memory for events prior to a Brain Injury
Elaboration Process
effective method for storing learned material using max number of associations
Mnemonic Devices
unusual associations made to aid memory
-Not to be used excessively
Principle Learning
focus on basic idea
Chunking
organizing similar information
Cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communications
Concept
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototypes
a mental image or best example
Algorithm
methodical or logical rule that guarantees a solution
Heuristic
thinking strategy that helps us make judgments and solve problems efficiently, speedy yet error prone
Insight
sudden burst of realization
Confirmation Bias
tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and to ignore/distort contradictory evidence
Fixation
inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Mental Set
tendency to approach in particular way that has been succesful
Functional Fixedness
tendency to only view things in terms on visual use
Trial and Error
determine reasoning
Deductive reasoning
general to more specific information
Inductive reasoning
specific information to more broader generalization
Representative Heuristic
judging likelihood in terms of matching prototypes
-may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Availability Heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on memory
-easy memory = presume events is common
Overconfidence
tendency to be more confident than correct, overestimate accuracy
Belief Preseverance
cling to initial conceptions after basis has been discredited
Language
spoken, written, or body movement combined to communicate meaning
Phonemes
smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
smallest unit with meaning
Grammar
system of rules for use
Semantics
set of rules to derive meaning
Syntax
rules for combining words into sensible sentences
B.F. Skinner
language comes from association, imitation, and reinforcement
Chomsky
Language comes from nurture by example, universal grammar
