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AP Psychology > Chapter 8&9: Memory, Thinking & Language > Flashcards

Chapter 8&9: Memory, Thinking & Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Indication that learning has persisted overtime

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2
Q

Sensory Memory

A

immediate brief recording

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3
Q

Short-term Memory

A

brief holding bin, encode by encoding for rehearsal

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4
Q

Long-term Memory

A

relatively permanent, limitless storage

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5
Q

Working Memory

A

active processing within incoming memory

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6
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information in

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7
Q

Automatic Processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information

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8
Q

Effortful Processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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9
Q

Spacing Effect

A

better yield from distributed studying rather than missed study

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10
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

recall best the last & first list items

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11
Q

Listening Curves

A

gradual upward slope representing increased retention of material as a result of learning

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12
Q

Visual

A

encoding of picture images

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13
Q

Acoustic

A

encoding of sound

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14
Q

Semantic

A

encoding of meaning

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15
Q

Sensory Memory System

A

before STM, make decision to move to STM or forget

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16
Q

Iconic Memory

A

momentary sensory memory of a visual

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17
Q

Echoic Memory

A

momentary sensory memory of an auditory stimuli

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18
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Emotional attachments assist memory

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19
Q

Short-Term

A

retain for seconds or minutes

7-9 items at a time

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20
Q

Working Memory

A

allows manipulation of info in STM

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21
Q

Long-Term

A

retain for hours, days, weeks, months, or decades

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22
Q

Consolidation

A

process of memory solidifying over time, eventually becoming permanent*

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23
Q

Implicit LTM

A

how to do something

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24
Q

Explicit LTM

A

factual, knowledge, experienced events

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25
Q

State-dependent LTM

A

learning & reproduction of the material is reliant on the condition of body when learning

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26
Q

Context Dependent LTM

A

Remember in setting when relevant to know it

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27
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting information out

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28
Q

Recall

A

bring back and integrate specific learned details

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29
Q

Recognition

A

ability to pick out correct object or event from a list

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30
Q

Relearning

A

measure of memory that assesses the time saved when learning for second time

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31
Q

Priming

A

the activation, often unconscious of particular associations in memory

32
Q

Deja Vu

A

sense of having experienced something before

33
Q

Mood-Congruent

A

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with mood

34
Q

Forgetting

A

increase in error experienced while trying to remember

35
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

graphic of rate/amount of forgetting

36
Q

Transfer of Training

A

process when learning is carried over from one task to another based on similarities

37
Q

Positive Transfer

A

transfer to similar situation

38
Q

Negative Transfer

A

interference with learning that results from differences between two otherwise similar tasks

39
Q

Interference Theory

A

we forgot because there is a conflict between new and old material

40
Q

Proactive Interference

A

old disrupts the new

41
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

new disrupts the old

42
Q

Motivated Forgetting

A

repression

43
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

incorporating misleading information in one’s memory of an event

44
Q

Source Amnesia

A

attribute information to wrong source

45
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

loss of memory for any event after a Brain Injury

46
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

loss of memory for events prior to a Brain Injury

47
Q

Elaboration Process

A

effective method for storing learned material using max number of associations

48
Q

Mnemonic Devices

A

unusual associations made to aid memory

-Not to be used excessively

49
Q

Principle Learning

A

focus on basic idea

50
Q

Chunking

A

organizing similar information

51
Q

Cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communications

52
Q

Concept

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

53
Q

Prototypes

A

a mental image or best example

54
Q

Algorithm

A

methodical or logical rule that guarantees a solution

55
Q

Heuristic

A

thinking strategy that helps us make judgments and solve problems efficiently, speedy yet error prone

56
Q

Insight

A

sudden burst of realization

57
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and to ignore/distort contradictory evidence

58
Q

Fixation

A

inability to see a problem from a new perspective

59
Q

Mental Set

A

tendency to approach in particular way that has been succesful

60
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

tendency to only view things in terms on visual use

61
Q

Trial and Error

A

determine reasoning

62
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

general to more specific information

63
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

specific information to more broader generalization

64
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

judging likelihood in terms of matching prototypes

-may lead us to ignore other relevant information

65
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on memory

-easy memory = presume events is common

66
Q

Overconfidence

A

tendency to be more confident than correct, overestimate accuracy

67
Q

Belief Preseverance

A

cling to initial conceptions after basis has been discredited

68
Q

Language

A

spoken, written, or body movement combined to communicate meaning

69
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest distinctive sound unit

70
Q

Morpheme

A

smallest unit with meaning

71
Q

Grammar

A

system of rules for use

72
Q

Semantics

A

set of rules to derive meaning

73
Q

Syntax

A

rules for combining words into sensible sentences

74
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

language comes from association, imitation, and reinforcement

75
Q

Chomsky

A

Language comes from nurture by example, universal grammar

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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