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AP Psychology > Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Analysis beginning with sensory receptors and works towards brain’s integration of info

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2
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Processing guided by high-level mental processes, constructing Perceptions

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3
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of relationships between physical characteristics and our psychological experience of them

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4
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

level of stimulation for sensation to occur 50% of the time

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5
Q

Subliminal

A

below threshold of awareness perceiving ability

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6
Q

Priming

A

activation causing predisposition

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7
Q

Sensation

A

process of receiving raw information from enviroment

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8
Q

Adaptation

A

gradual loss of attention to unneeded or unwanted stimulation due to prolonged unchanged stimulus

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9
Q

Perception

A

process of organizing sensory information to be meaningful

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10
Q

Vision

A

The correct name for sight

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11
Q

White Light

A

light as originates from source before broken into frequencies

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12
Q

Color

A

is seen after white light hits objects and bounces at different speed or frequencies

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13
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

mixing of blue/green/red can produce any color

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14
Q

Opponent-Process

A

color-sensitive visual elements are grouped into red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white elements

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15
Q

Afterimage

A

image that remains after stimulation of the retina has ended, unused cones start firing to balance

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16
Q

Cornea

A

clear outer covering fluid behind it

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17
Q

Iris

A

colored circular muscle, has control of amount of light

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18
Q

Lens

A

bends light rays, focuses an image on the retina

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19
Q

Accomodation

A

change shape and bend light to focus

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20
Q

Pupil

A

opening of the eye, changes size as the iris moves

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21
Q

Retina

A

back of the eye that absorbs light rays, contains millions of receptors

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22
Q

Rods

A

highly light-sensitive, color insensitive receptors, sensitive for night vision

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23
Q

Cones

A

visual receptor that responds to distinguish colors

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24
Q

Fovea

A

retina center where cones are highly concentrated

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25
Q

Acuity

A

visual clarity, greatest on fovea, want 20/20

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26
Q

Color Blindness

A

inability to perceive certain colors

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27
Q

Optic Nerve

A

place where all the nerve cells leave the eye

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28
Q

Blind Spot

A

portion of the retina through which the optic nerve exits

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29
Q

Vision is affected by

A

Shape of Eyes

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30
Q

Farsightedness

A

eye too short, only distant focused

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31
Q

Nearsightedness

A

eye too long, images fall short of the retina

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32
Q

Audition

A

uses sound waves to hear

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33
Q

Amplitude

A

difference between peak and baseline

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34
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between one peak to the next

35
Q

Frequency

A

of complete waveforms that pass everysecond

36
Q

Pitch

A

how high or low a tone is

37
Q

Timbre

A

mixture of frequencies and amplitudes that make complexity of the tone

38
Q

Intensity

A

loudness, measured in decibels

39
Q

Eardrum

A

skin stretched tightly over entrance of inner ear

40
Q

Cochlea

A

snail-shaped part filled with fluid that vibrates

41
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

floor of the duct that runs through the cochlea

42
Q

Hair Cells

A

Receptor cells

43
Q

Cilia

A

hair like extensions

44
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

bundle of nerves carrying sound to brain

45
Q

Conduction deafness

A

outer/middle ear damage, bones fuse together, hearing aid

46
Q

Nerve deafness

A

inner ear damage, usually nerve or hair cells, no cure but cochlear implant available

47
Q

Cutaneous

A

Sense of touch

48
Q

Cutaneous receptors

A

nerve receptors

49
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

sense of movement and position, includes balance

50
Q

Kinesthesis

A

bone, muscle, tendon, joint sensors give sense of where parts of body are in respect to one another

51
Q

Gustation

A

Sense of Taste

52
Q

Papillae

A

groupings of taste receptors

53
Q

Five Senses of Taste

A
  • Salt
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • Bitter
  • Umami
54
Q

Olfaction

A

ability to detect chemicals (Sense of Smell)

55
Q

Olfactory Cilia

A

collects molecules of odor

56
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

receive molecules communicate their nature to the brain

57
Q

Smell Communication

A

taste and smell go together

58
Q

Pheromones

A

Smell hormones

59
Q

Smells of Pheromones

A
  • Putrid
  • Fruity
  • Flowery
  • Burnt
  • Resinous
60
Q

Perception

A

matter of interpretation and expectation

61
Q

Figure-Ground

A

objects that stand out from surrounding

62
Q

Proximity

A

closer together, perceived as belonging together

63
Q

Similarity

A

similar elements perceived as part a group

64
Q

Continuity

A

sensations that appear to create continuous form belong together

65
Q

Closure

A

process of filling on the missing details of what is veiwed

66
Q

Common Fate

A

sets moving in same direction and speed are perceived as together

67
Q

Depth Perception

A

ability to see relation of objects in space

68
Q

Binocular Cues

A

depth clues using both eyes

69
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

differences between images provided by two retinas, brought together to provide depth

70
Q

Texture Gradiant

A

how rough or smooth objects are

71
Q

Monocular Cues

A

depth cues using single eye

72
Q

Size Constancy

A

ability to retain size of an object regardless of location

73
Q

Color Constancy

A

Ability to perceive an object as the same color regardless of enviroment

74
Q

Brightness Constancy

A

ability to keep an object’s brightness constant as the object is moved to various enviroments

75
Q

Shape Constancy

A

ability to perceive an object as having same shape regardless of angle

76
Q

Space Sonstancy

A

ability to keep objects in the environment steady by perceiving either ourselves or outside objects as moving

77
Q

Synchrony

A

stimuli at same time perceived as belonging together (i.e. a baseball and basketball)

78
Q

Common Region

A

elements in same boundary grouped together (i.e. a bowl of fruit)

79
Q

Connectedness

A

elements connected by other elements tend to be grouped together (i.e. Power Lines)

80
Q

Illusions

A

inaccurate perceptions

81
Q

Muller-Lyer Illusions

A

One line in a picture with two equal-length lines seems longer

82
Q

Reversible Figure

A

same object is seen as two alternating figures

83
Q

Learning-Interference

A

what you already know interferes with new task

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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