Chapter 16: Social Psychology Flashcards
Social Psychology
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Attribution Theory
Describes how people explain the causes of behavior by crediting either the Situation or the person’s disposition
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition when analyzing another’s behavior
Antecedents
rely on information, beliefs, and motivations we already have to farm opinions
Attribution
act of nothing judgments about the causes for another’s behavior
Consequences
the emotional responses behavior, and expectations that result from attribution
Attitudes
feeling, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a Particular way to objects, people, and events
Our Attitudes affect our
Actions
Our Attitudes affect our
Actions
Central Route Persuasion
interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Peripheral Route
people are influenced with incidental cues, such as attractiveness
Our Actions affect our
Attitudes
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Role
set of explanations (norms) about a social position that defines proper behavior
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
we act to reduce discomfort that is felt when thoughts are inconsistent with actions for beliefs
solution-must be reconciled or justified
Conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Normative Social Influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational Social Influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality
Obedience
follow what yore are told to do
Social Facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Social Loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts for a common goal then individual accountability.
Deindividuation
loss of sense at self-awareness and self-restraint as a result of being in a group (anonymity)
Group Polarization
enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Groupthink
desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal at alternatives
Prejudice
unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.Usually involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to diserimatary action
Stereotypen
generalized belief about a group at people
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Illusory Correlations
seeing re lationshyss between thongs that match already held beliefs, ignore what does not match beliefs
Social Roots of Prejudice
“Us versus Them”
Social Roots of Prejudice
“Us versus Them”
Ingroup
people with whom we share a common identity- “Us”
Outgroup
those perceived as different or apart from our in-group- “Them”
Ingroup Bias
tendency to favor our own group
Scapegoat Theory
theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Other-Race Effect
tendency to accurately recall faces of own race
Just-World Phenomenon
tendency for people to believe the world is “Just” (get what they deserve, deserve what they get)
Aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Frustration-Aggression Principle
belief that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression
Catharsis
supposedly get rid of aggression by viewing others acting aggressively
Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander Effect
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Diffusion of Responsibility
responsibility is spreadsheet amongst group members
Kitty Genovese Murder
Attacked 3 times in 30 minutes; Multiple witnesses claim that they didn’t call 911 because they thought that others already have (prime example of Bystander-effect)
Social Exchange Theory
our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Reciprocity Norm
expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Social-Responsibility Norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
Evaluation Apprehension
Concern how others will judge you
Risky Shift Phenomenon
risk is split among group members (ex. Rodney King Riots)
Mirror-Image Perceptions
when conflicting people hold the view that we are ethical/peaceful and the other side is evil/aggressive
Immunization
trained to resistpersuasion or propaganda
Brainwashing Techniques
- Friendliness
- Sensory Deprivation
- Rewards
Stockholm Syndrome
paradoxical phenomenon wherein hostages express adulation and have positive feelings toward captors
