Chapter 7: Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experiences

Question 2

Association Learning

Answer 2

learning that certain events occur together

Question 3

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 3

Russian M.D. studied the association between salivation and digestion in dogs

Question 4

Acquisition

Answer 4

amount of time for NS to CS

Question 5

(N) + (UCS) = (UCR)

(CS) = (CR)

Answer 5

(N) has nothing to do with the (UCS) or (UCR). Eventually the (N) will become the (CS) even though the (UCS) is not present.

Question 6

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 6

response spreads from one specific stimulus to other that resembles original

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

gradual loss of an association over time if new response is presented w/o UCS every so often

Question 8

Reconditioning

Answer 8

quick relearning following extinction

Question 9

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 9

sudden reappearance of extinguished response by repairing the CS + UCS

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

distinguish different CS

Question 11

Second-Order Conditioning

Answer 11

a phenomenon when CS acts like a UCS creating CS out of associated events

Question 12

Difference of Classical and Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

Classical- how we learn involuntary responses

Operant- How we learn voluntary responses

Question 13

Operant Behavior

Answer 13

behavior to produce consequences

Question 14

Respondent Behavior

Answer 14

Reaction to stimuli, automatic response

Question 15

Rewarded Behavior

Answer 15

behavior likely to reoccur

Question 16

Reinforcement

Answer 16

follows a response, strengthens tendency to repeat

Question 17

Primary Reinforcement

Answer 17

unlearned; for survival

Question 18

Secondary Reinforcement

Answer 18

learned; represent primary reinforcer

Question 19

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 19

Strengthen tendency to repeat response by, adding something pleasant

Question 20

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 20

Strengthen response by following it with the removal of something unpleasant

Question 21

Premack’s Principle

Answer 21

any act can be reinforced by a more preferred activity

Question 22

Escape Conditioning

Answer 22

type of learning in which organism learns to make a particular response to terminate an aversive stimulus

Question 23

Punishment

Answer 23

process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences

Question 24

Generalization

Answer 24

behavior spreads form one situation to similar

Question 25

Discrimination learning

Answer 25

reverse of generalization

Question 26

Extinction

Answer 26

when a response is no longer followed by reinforcement , response stops

Question 27

Shaping

Answer 27

process of gradual refinement of a response by successively reinforcing

Question 28

Chaining

Answer 28

reinforcing the connection

Question 29

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 29

reinforcing every time a response happens

Question 30

Partial Fixed-Ratio

Answer 30

Certain # of responses before reinforcement

Question 31

Partial Variable-Ratio

Answer 31

Varying # of responses before reinforcement

Question 32

Partial Fixed-Interval

Answer 32

Certain time + response before reinforcement

Question 33

Partial Variable-Interval

Answer 33

Varying time + response before reinforcement

Question 34

Observational Learning

Answer 34

Idea of learning from behavior of others

Question 35

Prosocial

Answer 35

Nonviolent/Positive response

Question 36

Antisocial

Answer 36

Violent/Negative response

Question 37

Vicarious Learning

Answer 37

learned by watching what happens to others

Question 38

Cognitive Approach

Answer 38

emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge

Question 39

Latent Learning

Answer 39

not obvious, under the surface until an incentive to demonstrate

Question 40

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 40

desire to perform for its own sake

Question 41

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 41

desire to perform to receive promised reward or avoid threat

Question 42

Reinforcement Value

Answer 42

preference for certain reinforcement; Highly Individualized

Question 43

Cognitive Maps

Answer 43

mental representation of enviroment