Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell theory? Hint: where do cells come from?

A

Cells come from other cells.

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells reproduce by B_ _ _ _ y F _ _ _ _ _ _n.

A

Binary fission.

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3
Q

True or false: a prokaryotic cell only has one circular DNA.

A

True.

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4
Q

What is replication?

A

Making copies of DNA.

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5
Q

True or false: there is only 1 chromosome in eukaryotic cells.

A

False, there can be more than 1.

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6
Q

True or false: eukaryotic cells chromosomes are straight linear.

A

True.

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7
Q

Do different species have different numbers of chromosomes in their cells, or do all species have the same number?

A

Different species have different numbers.

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8
Q

True or false: chromosomes and chromatins are NOT both DNA and protein combinations.

A

False, they both are.

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9
Q

Where is eukaryotic genetic material stored?

A

The nucleus.

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10
Q

True or false: before a cell divides, it duplicates all of its chromosomes, resulting in two copies called sister chromatids.

A

True.

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11
Q

True or false: two sister chromatids attach to each other at centromere.

A

True.

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12
Q

The sister chromatids are so sisterly that they never separate from each other, even during cell division.

A

False, they do separate during cell division.

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13
Q

Human somatic cells have _ _ chromosomes?

A

46.

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14
Q

True or false: eukaryotic cell cycle includes interphase and mitotic phase.

Interphase includes G1, S phase and G2, it is during S phase when DNA replication occurs.

A

Both are true.

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15
Q

What is the division of the nucleus called? M _ _ _ _ _ s.

A

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus.

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16
Q

What is the division of cytoplasm called? C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s.

A

Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm.

17
Q

True or false: animals and plants go through cytokinesis exactly the same way.

A

False.

18
Q

What are the 4 basic phases of mitosis?

1) P _ _ _ _ _ _ e
2) M _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e
3) A _ _ _ _ _ _ e
4) T _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e

A

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) telophase

19
Q

What happens during prophase?

  • chromosomes first become visible
  • nuclear envelope disintegrates
  • centrosomes (centrioles in animals) make protein cables/a spindle.
  • cables in a spindle are made of microtubules.
  • microtubules attach to chromosomes
  • Process is complete when the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome are attached by 2 microtubules to opposite poles of the cell.
A

Chromosomes first become visible with a microscope because the nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate. Centrosomes (centrioles in animal cells) begin to assemble a network of protein cables called the spindle. Cables in the spindle are made of microtubules. Microtubules attach to chromosomes. Process is complete when the sister chromatids are attached by 2 microtubules to opposite poles of the cell.

20
Q

What happens during prophase? (simplified version).

A

Microtubules attach to sister chromatids and bring them to opposite poles of the cell.

21
Q

Why are spindles important? Hint: think of their function. They pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.

A

They are responsible for ensuring that cell division is correct.

22
Q

What happens during metaphase? Hint: the sister chromatids leave the poles and go back to the c _ _ _ _ r.

A

The sister chromatid pair are aligned in the center of the cell.

23
Q

What happens during anaphase? Hint: the sister chromatids no longer want to live together… again.

A

Sister Chromatids separate from each other at centromere and move away from each other toward opposite poles of the cell.

24
Q

What happens during telophase? Hint: the spindle gives up on the sisters because of the separating, moving in, and separating again. The sisters can’t set aside their differences this time, so they form a N _ _ _ _ _ r E _ _ _ _ _ _ e around the set of chromosomes at each pole.

A

The spindle is dismantled. A nuclear envelope forms around the set of chromosomes at each pole. The chromosomes begin to de-condense. The nucleolus reappears.