Chapter 8

Question 1

intersectionality

Answer 1

the study of interacting effects of inequality and the resulting experiences

Question 2

Caste

Answer 2

social system in subcultures of India and Hindus where the social status that you’re born into is held for life

Question 3

life chances

Answer 3

termed by Max Weber, signify a person’s chances for achieving economic prosperity

Question 4

factors that determine one’s class

Answer 4

income, wealth, education, occupation

Question 5

income

Answer 5

money from work and investments

Question 6

wealth

Answer 6

value of one’s assets minus their debt

Question 7

means of production

Answer 7

the means by which someone gains livelihood or by which the produciton of material goods is carried out in a society

Question 8

bourgeoisie

Answer 8

capitalists who own companies, land, stock or shares to generate economic return

Question 9

proletariat

Answer 9

earn living by selling labor to capitalists

Question 10

surplus value

Answer 10

in Marx theory, the value of a worker’s labor left over when the employer has repaid the cost of hiring the worker

Question 11

Marxist theory

Answer 11

includes bourgeoisie which exploits proletariat, capitalism widens wealth gap, working class will eventually rise up and overthrow capitalist system, resulting in communism

Question 12

communism

Answer 12

social system that occurs when working class overthrows capitalist system, resulting in a classless society where everyone contributes to a common good

Question 13

differences between Marx and Weber theories

Answer 13

1. Weber says that class divisions derive from lack of control of means of production and economic differences that don’t have to do with property(skills and credentials) Managerial and professional positions earn more money and enjoy more favorable conditions at work
2. Weber distinguishes status
3. Weber said classes differ by power

Question 14

Pariah groups

Answer 14

groups that have negative status discrimination, preventing them from certain opportunities

Question 15

Davis and Moore theory

Answer 15

functionalist view of stratification, it has benificial effects on society, unequal societies put the most qualified people int he most powerufl positions,

Question 16

Erik Olin Wright theory

Answer 16

3 dimesions of control over economic resources in modern capitalism allows us to idnetify major classes

1. Control over investments/money capital
2. control over physical means of production
3. control over labor power

Capitalist class controls these things, working class doesn’t, most people must sell their labor. This class is divided up by relationship to authority and posessions of skills and expertise

Question 17

contradictory class locations

Answer 17

Part of Erik Olin Wright theory, they are positions that are intermediate to the capitalist and working class

Question 18

underclass

Answer 18

the poorest of the poor population

Question 19

intergenerational mobility

Answer 19

movement up or down the social hierarchy from one generation to another

Question 20

intragenerational mobility

Answer 20

movement in a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career

Question 21

structural mobility

Answer 21

mobility resulting in from the changes in the number and kinds of jobs

Question 22

exchange mobility

Answer 22

the exchange of people in the social hierarchy in terms of talent, societies aim for this but it is never fully accomplished

Question 23

cultural capital

Answer 23

Bordieu argued that transmission of this is the most important factor impacting social status, it is noneconomic/cultural resources that parents pass down to their children such as language and knowledge.

Question 24

absolute poverty

Answer 24

not meeting the minimal requirements to maintain a healthy existence, more common in developing countries

Question 25

relative poverty

Answer 25

poverty defined by the living standards of the majority in a society

Question 26

working poor

Answer 26

people who work but don’t make enough to get above the poverty line

Question 27

Kuznets curve

Answer 27

a formula that inequality increases during the early stages of capitalist development, then declines and stabilizes at a low level, made my Simon Kuznets

Question 28

What has lead to inequality found in developed countries?

Answer 28

globalization and declining role of governments

Question 29

Thomas Piketty’s conclusions

Answer 29

unless an economy is growing rapidly, increases in wealth will exceed economic growth. This results in a concentration of wealth and growing inequality

Question 30

dependency culture

Answer 30

a term by Charles Murray that refers to individuals who rely on the welfare system rather than getting jobs. The welfare system undermines ambition and people capacity for self-help