Chapter 10

Question 1

intersectionality

Answer 1

a sociological perspective that our membership in multiple groups affect our lives in ways that are distinct from single group memberships

Question 2

sex vs gender

Answer 2

sex is physical differences(biological, what we’re born with), gender is mental and socially constructed

Question 3

hegemonic masculinity

Answer 3

social norms saying that men should be strong, self-reliant and unemotional

Question 4

biological essentialism

Answer 4

view that differences between men and women are biological and that they are inevitable consequences of the intrinsic biological natures of men and women

Question 5

cisgender

Answer 5

an individual whose biological gender matches the gender they identify as

Question 6

intersex

Answer 6

people posessing both male and female, or ambigious genitalia

Question 7

functionalist approach to gender

Answer 7

gender differences contribute to societal stability and integration

Question 8

criticisms of functionalist approach to gender

Answer 8

neglects social tensions at the expense of consensus and for a conservative view of the social world

Question 9

attachment theory

Answer 9

theory by John Bowlby arguing that mothers are critical to their children’s socialization and that separation of children and mother can lead to antisocial and psychopathic tendencies

Question 10

biological determinist theory of gender

Answer 10

gender inequalities and differences based on gender are inevitable and unchangeable because of biological differences

Question 11

functionalist perspective of gender socializations

Answer 11

socializing agents continue the existing social order

Question 12

criticism of functionalist perspective of gender socializations

Answer 12

the transition of maintaining social order is not smooth and is impacted by many different cultural factors

Question 13

liberal feminism

Answer 13

sees gender inequalities rooted in social and cultural attitudes that prevent women from getting unequal access to civil rights. equality is achieved through legislation

Question 14

criticisms of liberal feminism

Answer 14

they have being unsuccessful in dealing with the root causes of gender inequality and they do not acknowledge the systemic nature of oppressing women in society, they only address part of inequality by addressing individual deprivations of women

Question 15

radical feminism

Answer 15

men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women. Family is a source of oppression. Violence against women is central to male supremacy. Society imposes beauty standards on women. The patriarchy must be overthrown, legislation isn’t enough

Question 16

criticisms of radical feminism

Answer 16

Patriarchy is an inadequate explanation of the oppression of women, radical feminists arguing that patriarchy is universal leaves no room for cultural variation. They don’t recognize that not all men have the power to act as oppressors and not all women are oppressed. Logic leads to biological reductionism

Question 17

biological reducitionism

Answer 17

attributing all of gender inequality to simple distinctions between men and women

Question 18

social feminism

Answer 18

argues that capitalism is oppressive toward ethnic minorities, the working class and the poor. Recognizes oppression of women in patriarchal societies, gender stratifications must be eradicated, focuses on relationships between class and gender treatment, Marxist influence. true equality is possible is a society where structures are fundamentally flawed

Question 19

black feminism

Answer 19

concentrates on problems that black women face, reject the idea of unified oppression of women and argue that oppression is experienced unequally, argue most feminist analysis is from the perspective of white and middle class women, oppression is based on class, gender and race

Question 20

transnational feminism

Answer 20

emphasizes colonialism, racism and imperialism shape gender relations in hierarchies

Question 21

postmodern feminism

Answer 21

challenges the idea that all women face the same oppression challenges, accepts many different standpoints because each woman is different and individual, clashes the most with other feminism theories

Question 22

gender typing

Answer 22

women holding occupations of status and lower pay and men holding positions of higher pay

Question 23

glass ceiling

Answer 23

a promotion barrier that prevents women’s upward mobility in an organization

Question 24

gender inequality in entrepreneurship

Answer 24

women face greater obstacles in getting funding

Question 25

trends in women’s roles in politics

Answer 25

women are more likely to hold local political positions because it is viewed as “women’s work”(lower paying, more flexible, closer to home) whereas higher up positions are viewed as “men’s work”.

Question 26

sex segregation

Answer 26

concentrations of men and women in different occupations

Question 27

human capital theory and how it applies to gender inequality

Answer 27

the argument that individuals make more investments in their own human capital to increase their productivity and earnings. this applies to women in the work force because they are believed to have a primary role in care at home and for kids

Question 28

human capital theory criticisms

Answer 28

women choose their occupation and may be socialized which occupations to go into from a young age