Chapter 10 Flashcards
intersectionality
a sociological perspective that our membership in multiple groups affect our lives in ways that are distinct from single group memberships
sex vs gender
sex is physical differences(biological, what we’re born with), gender is mental and socially constructed
hegemonic masculinity
social norms saying that men should be strong, self-reliant and unemotional
biological essentialism
view that differences between men and women are biological and that they are inevitable consequences of the intrinsic biological natures of men and women
cisgender
an individual whose biological gender matches the gender they identify as
intersex
people posessing both male and female, or ambigious genitalia
functionalist approach to gender
gender differences contribute to societal stability and integration
criticisms of functionalist approach to gender
neglects social tensions at the expense of consensus and for a conservative view of the social world
attachment theory
theory by John Bowlby arguing that mothers are critical to their children’s socialization and that separation of children and mother can lead to antisocial and psychopathic tendencies
biological determinist theory of gender
gender inequalities and differences based on gender are inevitable and unchangeable because of biological differences
functionalist perspective of gender socializations
socializing agents continue the existing social order
criticism of functionalist perspective of gender socializations
the transition of maintaining social order is not smooth and is impacted by many different cultural factors
liberal feminism
sees gender inequalities rooted in social and cultural attitudes that prevent women from getting unequal access to civil rights. equality is achieved through legislation
criticisms of liberal feminism
they have being unsuccessful in dealing with the root causes of gender inequality and they do not acknowledge the systemic nature of oppressing women in society, they only address part of inequality by addressing individual deprivations of women
radical feminism
men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women. Family is a source of oppression. Violence against women is central to male supremacy. Society imposes beauty standards on women. The patriarchy must be overthrown, legislation isn’t enough
criticisms of radical feminism
Patriarchy is an inadequate explanation of the oppression of women, radical feminists arguing that patriarchy is universal leaves no room for cultural variation. They don’t recognize that not all men have the power to act as oppressors and not all women are oppressed. Logic leads to biological reductionism
biological reducitionism
attributing all of gender inequality to simple distinctions between men and women
social feminism
argues that capitalism is oppressive toward ethnic minorities, the working class and the poor. Recognizes oppression of women in patriarchal societies, gender stratifications must be eradicated, focuses on relationships between class and gender treatment, Marxist influence. true equality is possible is a society where structures are fundamentally flawed
black feminism
concentrates on problems that black women face, reject the idea of unified oppression of women and argue that oppression is experienced unequally, argue most feminist analysis is from the perspective of white and middle class women, oppression is based on class, gender and race
transnational feminism
emphasizes colonialism, racism and imperialism shape gender relations in hierarchies
postmodern feminism
challenges the idea that all women face the same oppression challenges, accepts many different standpoints because each woman is different and individual, clashes the most with other feminism theories
gender typing
women holding occupations of status and lower pay and men holding positions of higher pay
glass ceiling
a promotion barrier that prevents women’s upward mobility in an organization
gender inequality in entrepreneurship
women face greater obstacles in getting funding
trends in women’s roles in politics
women are more likely to hold local political positions because it is viewed as “women’s work”(lower paying, more flexible, closer to home) whereas higher up positions are viewed as “men’s work”.
sex segregation
concentrations of men and women in different occupations
human capital theory and how it applies to gender inequality
the argument that individuals make more investments in their own human capital to increase their productivity and earnings. this applies to women in the work force because they are believed to have a primary role in care at home and for kids
human capital theory criticisms
women choose their occupation and may be socialized which occupations to go into from a young age
