Chapter 4

Question 1

socialization

Answer 1

social processes through which children develop awareness of social norms and values and achieve and distinct sense of self. These processes continue throughout life but are most significant in infancy and childhood

Question 2

Primary socialization

Answer 2

socialization that occurs during infancy and childhood. It is the most intense period of cultural learning, people learn language and behavioral patterns that make the foundation of later learning. The family is the main agent of socialization during this phase.

Question 3

Secondary socialization

Answer 3

socialization occurring later in childhood and at maturity. Other agents of socialization separate from family become prominent socializing forces

Question 4

resocialization

Answer 4

the process where people learn new rules and norms upon entering a new social world

Question 5

anticipatory socialization

Answer 5

the process of learning a social role in advance

Question 6

hidden curriculum

Answer 6

traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned in school but not included in the school curriculum

Question 7

primary example of hidden curriculum

Answer 7

gender differences

Question 8

peer group

Answer 8

a friend group composed of individuals of similar age and social status

Question 9

age-grade

Answer 9

the system usually found in small traditional cultures by which people are categorized together and hold similar rights/obligations. Most frequently found among males and consists of rites/ceremonies that mark the transition of one age-grade to another

Question 10

how has the influence of peer groups changed over time and why?

Answer 10

its influence has increased because more and more women are working, resulting in more kids spending time in daycare where they can be influenced by peer groups

Question 11

social identity

Answer 11

characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others

Question 12

master status

Answer 12

a single identity or status that overpowers all other identities one holds

Question 13

how have self-identities changed over time and why?

Answer 13

they have become less stable and more multifaceted due to industrialization, urban growth and breakdown of former social formations

Question 14

cognition

Answer 14

human thought processes involving perception, reasoning and remembering

Question 15

theory of G. H. Mead

Answer 15

Emphasized symbolic interactionism, infants and young children develop social being by imitating actions around them, self awareness is achieved when a person recongizes that “I” is the unsocialized infant and “me” is the social self, final stage of child development happens at 8 or 9 years old when children take part in organized games and not unsystematic play because children understand values and morals that govern social life

Question 16

social self

Answer 16

basis of self-consciousness for individuals, according to G.H. Mead is is the identity conferred upon individuals by reactions of others. A person achieves self-consciousness when achieving social identity(seeing themselves as others see them)

Question 17

generalized other

Answer 17

A concept in G.H. Mead’s theory, when the individual comes to understand the general values of a given group or society during the socialization process

Question 18

self-consciousness

Answer 18

Awareness of one’s distinct social identity as a person separate from others. Humans are not born with this, they acquire it through socialization. Learning language is vital to self-consciousness

Question 19

Charles Horton Cooley theory

Answer 19

Cooley argued that notions we develop about ourselves reflect our interpretations of how others see us.

Question 20

looking-glass self

Answer 20

Apart of Cooley’s theory, the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves

Question 21

Jean Piaget theory

Answer 21

Children do not passively absorb information, they interpret information. This happens in stages that depend on development of new skills and completion of old ones

Question 22

sensorimotor stage

Answer 22

first stage of human development according to Piaget, it is the stage of cognitive development in which a child’s awareness of his or her environment is dominated by perception or touch

Question 23

preoperational stage

Answer 23

the second stage in Piaget’s research where he put in the most research. this stage is where the child achieves logical thought. Ages 2-7, children learn language, children can NOT use developing mental abilities systematically, children are egocentric. There is no concept of amounts and sentences are not fully developed.

Question 24

egocentric

Answer 24

According to Piaget theory, it is a characteristic of children in early life, this is when children only understand something from their view.

Question 25

concrete operational stage

Answer 25

third stage in Piaget’s theory, where a child’s thinking is based primarily on the physical perception of the world. Child can not yet deal with abstract concepts of hypothetical situations, ages 7-11, can master physcial abstract concepts, basic math, less egocentric,

Question 26

formal operational stage

Answer 26

fourth stage in Piaget’s theory, ages 11-15, stage of cognitive development where child becomes capable of handling abstract concepts of hypothetical situations, not all adults reach this stage but other 3 are universal

Question 27

Freud’s gender identity theory

Answer 27

controversial and influencial theory, possession or absence of penis determines gender and symbolizes masculinity(or lack of), superiorizes males

Question 28

Nancy Chodorow’s theory of gender identity

Answer 28

modified version of Freud’s theory, derives from infant’s attachment to parents at an early age, males “separate” from their mothers more easily, boys are less skilled at being close with others because being close to their moms isn’t “masculine”, boys emphasize achievement and repress their ability to understand others

Question 29

Criticisms of Chodorow’s theory

Answer 29

1. Chodorow doesn’t address the struggle of women(especially in modern times) becoming their own independent beings
2. Some people view Chodorow’s model as narrowly focused on a white, middle-class background

Question 30

Carol Gilligan’s theory of moral development

Answer 30

further developed Chorodow’s analysis, women define themselves in terms of personal relationships and judge their achievements in terms of ability to care for others, a women’s place is to take care of and help men, this is viewed as weakness and devalued by men, men pride themselves on individual achievement

Question 31

Which groups are most likely to discuss their race/ethnicity with their kids

Answer 31

non-white groups

Question 32

What messages did African American parents most often tell their kids before Brown vs. Board of Education

Answer 32

Deference and fear of white people, color blind world outlook