Chapter 8 Flashcards
Is continuous process improvement activities supported by project quality management?
Yes
Describe project quality management.
The processes for incorporating the organizations quality policy regarding planning, managing, and controlling project and product quality requirements in order to meet stakeholders objectives.
What are the project quality management processes?
Plan quality management
Manage quality
Control quality
The process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements and/or standards
Plan quality management
The process of translating the quality management plan into executable quality activities that incorporate the organizations quality polices into the project
Manage quality
The process of monitoring and recording the results of executing the quality management activities to assess performance and ensure the project outputs are complete, correct, and meet customer expectations.
Control quality
This project quality process is concerned with the quality the work needs to have.
Plan quality management process
In this quality process, quality requirements are turned into test and evaluation instruments.
Manage quality process
In this quality process work results are compared with the quality requirements to ensure the results are acceptable.
Control quality
What is quality?
What is grade?
Quality-(delivered performance or result) the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements
Grade-(a design intent) a category assigned to deliverables having the same functional use but different technical characteristics
Which one means it has a lot of features ? High grade or high quality?
High grade
Which one means it has a lot of defects? Low grade or low quality ?
Low quality
Is it better to prevent or inspect?
Prevent
Describe prevention.
Keeping errors out of the process.
Describe inspection.
Keeping errors out of the hands of the customer.
Describe attribute sampling vs. variable sampling.
Attribute sampling: the result either conforms or does not conform
Variable sampling:the result is rated on a continuous scale that measured the degree of conformity
What do you call a specified range of acceptable results.
Tolerances
These identify the boundaries of common variation in a statistically stable process or process performance
Control limits
What are the two categories for failure costs?
Internal (found by the project team)
External (found by the customer)
What’s another name for failure cost?
Cost of poor quality
Who often makes decisions about the COQ (cost of quality)?
Program management, portfolio management, the PMO or operations
What are the five levels of increasingly effective quality management?
- Let the customers find the defects
- Detect and correct the defects before the deliverables are sent to the customer as a part of the quality control process
- use quality assurance to examine and correct the process itself and not just special defects
- incorporate quality into the planning and designing of the project and product
- create a culture throughout the org that is aware and committed to quality in process and products
What are the trends and emerging practices in project quality management?
Customer satisfaction
Continual improvement
Management responsibility
Mutually beneficial partnership with suppliers
This is when you understand, evaluate, define, and manage requirements so that customer expectations are met.
Customer satisfaction
What is the basis for quality improvement as defined by Stewart and modified by Deming?
Plan-do-check act (PDCA)
What are some quality improvement initiatives that may improve both the quality of project management as well as the quality of the end product, service or result.
TQM (Total Quality Management)
Six Sigma
Lean Six Sigma
Describe a what a mutually beneficial relationship with a supplier might look like for an org.
Having a long term relationship vs a short term relationship
Having joint responses to customer needs and expectations
Optimizing cost and resources
What are some tailoring considerations for project quality management?
Policy compliance and auditing
Standards and regulatory compliance
Continuous improvement
Stakeholder engagement
How does quality management steps for an agile method different?
There are frequent quality and review steps built in throughout the project rather than toward the end
They focus on small batches of work allowing them to find inconsistencies and quality issues earlier
The process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements and/or standards.
Plan quality management
What is the key benefit of the plan quality management process?
It provides guidance and direction on how quality will be managed and verified throughout the project
True or false, quality planning should be performed in parallel with other planning processes?
True
What does the requirements management plan have to do with quality?
It provides the approach for identifying, analyzing, and managing the requirements that the quality management plan and quality metrics will reference
What project management plan component works works with the quality management plan to successfully deliver product and project success?
Risk management plan
What project management plan component provides the foundation for quality management?
The stakeholder engagement plan
The stakeholder engagement plan provides the method for documenting the stakeholders needs and expectations
What statement provides the acceptance criteria for the deliverables?
The scope statement
Satisfying all acceptance criteria implies what about the stakeholders?
The needs of the stakeholders have been met.
How does the requirements traceability matrix attribute to quality?
It links product requirements to deliverables and helps to ensure each requirement in the requirements documentation is tested. It provides an overview of the tests required to verify the requirements.
This helps to identify stakeholders who have a particular interest in or impact on quality
Stakeholder register
What data gathering techniques can be used for the plan quality management process?
Benchmarking
Brainstorming
Interviews
What are some data analysis techniques that can be used for the plan quality management process?
Cost-benefit analysis
Cost of quality
A financial analysis tool used to estimate the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives in order to determine the best alternative in terms of benefits provided.
Cost-benefit analysis
What tool can help the project manager determine if the planned quality activities are cost effective?
Cost-benefit analysis
What are the primary benefits of meeting quality requirements?
Less rework Higher productivity Lower costs Increased stakeholder satisfaction Increased profitability
What does a cost-benefit analysis for each quality activity compare?
The cost of quality step to the expected benefit
What cost can be a part of the cost of quality (COQ) ?
Prevention costs
Appraisal costs
Failure costs
Costs related to the prevention of poor quality in the products, deliverables, or services of the specific project
Prevention costs
Cost related to evaluating, measuring, auditing, and testing the products, deliverables, or services of the specific project.
Appraisal costs
Cost related to the nonconformance of the products, deliverables, or services to the needs or expectations of the stakeholders.
Failure costs (internal/external)
Describe optimal COQ
It is the appropriate balance of investment in prevention and appraisal to avoid failure costs
Sometimes more prevention/appraisal costs is not always beneficial or cost effective.
What decision making technique is used for the plan quality process?
Multi criteria decision analysis tools I.e. a (prioritization matrix)
Describe how multi criteria decision analysis works.
Criteria are prioritized and weighted before being applied to all available alternatives to obtain a mathematical score for each alternative. The alternatives are then ranked by score.
What’s SIPOC stand for ?
Suppliers, inputs, process, outputs and customers
What’s another name for flow charts?
Process maps , process flows or process flow diagram
What do you call a visual representation of an organizations data described in business language and independent of any specific technology.
Logical data model.
What model can be used to identify where data integrity or other quality issues can arise ?
Logical data model
This type of diagram helps to find the strength of relationships among different factors, causes, and objectives that exist between the rows and columns that form the matrix.
Matrix diagrams
This data representation technique might help in the rapid gathering of project quality requirements, constraints, dependencies and relationships.
Mind mapping
Describe what mind mapping might look like for quality planning?
A single quality concept drawn as an image in the center of a blank landscape page,to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words, and parts of words are added.
When should the quality management plan be reviewed?
Early in the project to ensure that decisions are based on accurate information
A component of the project management plan that describes how applicable policies, procedures, and guidelines will be implemented to achieve the quality objectives.
Quality management plan
What’s the benefit of the quality management plan review.
A sharper focus on the projects value proposition
Reduction in costs
Less frequent schedule overrruns caused by rework
This specifically describes a project or product attribute and how the control quality process will verify compliance to it.
A quality metric
What project management plan components may be updated as a result of the plan quality management process?
Risk management plan
Scope baseline
The process of translating the quality management plan into executable quality activities that incorporate the organizations quality policies into the project.
Manage quality
What is the key benefit of the manage quality process?
It increases the probability of meeting the quality objectives as well as identifying ineffective processes and cause of poor quality.
From what process does the manage quality process gather data and results from to reflect the overall quality status of the project to stakeholders.
Control quality process
What does manage quality sometimes get called?
Quality assurance
However manage quality has a broader definition as it is used in nonproject work.
Describe quality assurance.
It is about using project processes effectively. It involves following and meeting standards to assure stakeholders that the final product will meet their needs, expectations, and requirements.
Describe what manage quality includes.
All the quality assurance activities, product design aspects and process improvements.
In the cost of quality framework where does manage quality work fall?
Under the conformance work category.
What is usually considered the work of everyone?
Manage quality
How does the manage quality process use quality metrics?
As a basis for the development of test scenarios for the project and its deliverables and as a basis for improvement initiatives.
What data gathering technique might be used for the manage quality process?
Checklists
What should a quality checklists incorporate?
The acceptance criteria included in the scope baseline.
A structured tool, usually component-specific, used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed or to check if a list of requirements has been satisfied.
A checklists
What are some data analysis techniques for the manage quality process?
alternative analysis
Document analysis
Process analysis
Root cause analysis (RCA)
What can document analysis do?
Point to and focus on processes that may be out of control and may jeopardize meeting the specified requirements or stakeholders expectations.
What happens when all root causes for a problem are removed?
The problem does not recur.
Choosing among different implementation scenarios or suppliers is what type of decision? Project or product?
Project
Evaluating life cycle cost, schedule, stakeholder satisfaction, and risks associated with resolving product defects is what type of decision? Project or product?
Product
What area some data representation techniques for the manage quality process?
Affinity diagrams Cause and effect diagrams Flowcharts Histograms Matrix diagrams Scatter diagrams
This type of diagram organizes potential causes of defects into groups showing areas that should be focused on the most.
Affinity diagrams
What are some other names for cause and effect diagrams?
Fishbone diagrams, why-why diagrams, or Ishikawa diagrams.
This type of chart shows a series of steps that lead to a defect.
Flowcharts
This type of diagram can demonstrate a relationship between any element of a process, environment, or activity on one axis and a quality defect on the other axis.
Scatter diagrams
A structured, independent process used to determine if project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
An audit
What is DfX
Design for X
A set of technical guidelines that may be applied during the design of a product for the optimization of a specific aspect of design.
Design for X (DfX)
The X in DfX be different aspects of product development such as..?
Reliability, deployment , assembly, manufacturing, cost, service, usability, safety, and quality.
This entails finding solutions for issues or challenges.
Problem solving
Quality reports can be …
Graphical, numerical or qualitative.
The process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality management activities in order to assess performance and ensure the project outputs are complete, correct, and meet customer expectations.
Control quality
What process determines if the project outputs do what they were intended to do.
Control quality
What is they key benefit of the control quality process?
Verifying that project deliverables and work meet the requirements specified by key stakeholders for final acceptance.
This process is used to measure the completeness , compliance and fitness for use of a product or service prior to user acceptance and final delivery.
Control quality process
When should quality control be performed?
Throughout the project
Who does the control quality activities in agile projects and when do they do them?
All team members , throughout the project life cycle
In waterfall model-based projects who sows the quality control activities and when.
Specified team members/ at specific times, toward the end of the project or phase
A change log update indicates?
Some changes are approved and some are not
What are some data gathering techniques that can be used for the control quality process?
Checklists
Check sheets
Statistical sampling
Questionnaires and surveys
Describe check sheets.
Also known as tally sheets. They can help gather attributes data while performing inspections to identify defects.
This involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection. Samples are taken to measure controls and verify quality.
Statistical sampling
What data analysis techniques are used in the control quality process?
Performance reviews
Root cause analysis (RCA)
What data representation techniques might be used in the control quality process?
Cause and effect diagrams
Control charts
Histograms
Scatter diagrams
What chart is used to determine whether or not a process is stable or has predictable performance. Upper and lover specification limits are based on the requirements and reflect the maximum and minimum values allowed.
Control charts
What type of meetings may be held in the control quality process?
Approved change requests review
Retrospectives/lesson learned
What are the documented results of the control quality activities called?
Quality control measurements
What usually hating a deliverable that does not meet the quality requirements?
It is documented as an issue on the issue log.
