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Psychology 110 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cognition?

A

mental content and processes. Learning, memory, representation, problem solving, intelligence, language

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2
Q

What are some ways information or knowledge can be encoded?

A

analog/sensory
propositional/symbolic
prototype
exemplar

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3
Q

Analog/Sensory

A

The information corresponds to distinct features of the stimulus. Visual or olfactory aspects (smell)
- ex apple

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4
Q

Propositional/Symbolic

A
  • ex justice
    non-sensory
    meaningful
    verbs concept and knowledge
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5
Q

Information coded as a prototype.

A

idealized form of a concept with key features of the concept. You don’t necessarily need to have seen it

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6
Q

Information coded as an exemplar.

A

Example of the concept you’ve experienced. Used to shape your perception of the prototype. Shaped by culture and where you’ve lived

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7
Q

What are schemas?

A

Bundle of information about common concepts.

Ex- farms associated with cows, sheep, hay

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8
Q

What are scripts?

A

Schemas that carry information about sequences of behavior.

Ex- eating at a restaurant, you follow a script- get food, eat, throw out food

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9
Q

What happens to information that doesn’t fit with schemas or scripts?

A

We forget it
Or alter it to be consistent with schema.
Ex- male nurse taking care of grandma will become female in memory

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10
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

When representation is too defined and too rigid. If we break this, we can be fluid, creative problem solvers

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11
Q

How do we solve problems by insight?

A

when trying to solve a problem, the answer just pops in our head.

  • the right hemisphere has restructured the problem
  • this doesn’t include analytical problem solving because there’s no trial and error
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12
Q

What is intelligence?

A

The ability to reason and use knowledge to solve problems

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13
Q

What is IQ? What’s its background and what is it influenced by?

A
  • Alfred Binet created concept
  • (mental age/chronological age) x 100
  • reflect thinking ability
  • predicts school performance
  • influenced by heredity and environment
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14
Q

What is the reaction range?

A

The genetically determined boundaries on the IQ.

  • IQ can increase or decrease 20 points within the boundary
  • environment affects this
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15
Q

What happens to the IQs of kids who are adopted?

A

The IQs of adopted kids are more similar to their adopted siblings than their biological siblings who remain in the family

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16
Q

There are 3 theories about IQ- who are they from?

A
  • Spearman
  • Catell
  • Gardner
17
Q

What does Spearman think?

A

“G” is the single mental factor that determines one’s IQ

18
Q

What does Cattell think?

A
  • fluid intelligence- ability to understand relationships between things
  • crystallized intelligence- acquired knowledge from life
  • as you get older, fluid intelligence decreases, while crystallized intelligence (wisdom about life) increases
19
Q

What does Gardner think?

A

there are 7 types of intelligence. All of them are independent

20
Q

What do current studies saw about Spearman, Gardner, and Cattell’s theories?

A
  • no support for Gardner

- sided with Spearman

21
Q

Why are humans so smart with language?

A

Through language, can pass knowledge down easily and efficiently, so we don’t have to learn everything ourselves

22
Q

Phonemes

A
  • basic sounds used in language
  • English has 40-45
  • almost all languages have a, I, u sounds as vowel sounds
23
Q

What is categorical perception?

A
  • responsible for language efficiency

- we perceive sounds of language in categories

24
Q

Normative decision theories

A

defines how people should make decisions

- isn’t realistic

25
Q

Descriptive decision theories

A
  • more realistic than normative

- attempts to define how people actually make choices, not to define ideal choices

26
Q

What are heuristics?

A

unconscious mental short cuts

result in biases

27
Q

Anchoring

A
  • example of heuristic
  • people rely on first piece of information they encounter or information that comes most quickly to mind to make a decision
  • influenced by way information is presented in sentence
28
Q

Framing

A
  • tendency to emphasize losses and gains in decision making

- loss aversion- when you’re more concerned with costs than benefits

29
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Tendency to make decision with answer that comes most easily to mind

30
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

Tendency to place a person in a category if the person is similar to your prototype for the category
- when doing this, we ignore base rate- how frequently an event occurs

31
Q

Affective forecasting

A

tendency for people to overestimate how they’ll feel in future

Psychology 110 (12 decks)

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