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Psychology 110 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 things are criteria for abnormal behavior?

A
  1. Deviance from social norms of acceptability
    - what we consider abnormal changes across cultures, time in history
    - GD- no one threw anything away. Now called hoarding
  2. Maladaptive for the individual
    - interferes with at least one large sphere of life- work, relationships, etc.
  3. Causes personal stress
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2
Q

There are 2 types of mental disorders. What are they?

A
  1. Clinical disorders- generally more sever, can be temporary or long lasting, low level of functioning
  2. Personality disorders- milder disorders, longstanding, high level of functioning
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3
Q

What is the challenge of diagnosing Clinical disorders?

A

largely based on self-reports rather than brain scans

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4
Q

What is the Rosenhan study?

A
  • 8 people falsely reported hearing voices and got admitted, then behaved normally
  • took 19 days
  • other patients suspicious, but physicians weren’t
  • doesn’t happen anymore
  • now they have behavioral observation
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5
Q

What are three ways to diagnose clinical disorders?

A
  • structured clinical interviews- questions about symptoms. If answer yes, follow up and assess for disorder. If answer no, move on.
  • behavioral observation- in past, didn’t do this. So Rosenhan study
  • Tests- MMPI, self report survey only works for diagnosing personality disorders
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6
Q

What is the DSM5?

A
  • diagnostic manual for diagnosing clinical disorders
  • used today
  • manual organizes types of mental orders, clustering them by different symptoms
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7
Q

What is Schizophrenia and when does it occur?

A
  • “split mind”- disturbances of thought that affect perceptual, social, emotional processes
  • emerges in late teens and 20s
  • rarely in young kids
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8
Q

What are some characteristics of Schizophrenia that are in the DSM5?

A
  • irrational thought- delusional beliefs
  • Deterioration in function
  • Hallucinations- more auditory than visual
  • Disturbed emotional responses- flat effect and emotional volatility
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9
Q

Explain the characteristic of Schizophrenia: disturbed emotional responses

A
  • flat effect- no matter the strong emotional event, have little emotional response
  • emotional volatility- express emotion and intense emotion. Includes mood changes and moods that aren’t appropriate to certain situations
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10
Q

Explain positive and negative symptoms to Schizophrenia.

A
  • excess behavior (positive) v deficits in behavior (negative)
  • ex- hallucinations are positive, flat effect is negative (deficit of emotions)
  • positive symptoms easy to treat, negative more challenging
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11
Q

What are the different categories of Schizophrenia that are no longer in DSM-5?

A
  • paranoid
  • catatonic
  • disorganized
  • undifferentiated
    PUCD
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12
Q

Explain the Paranoid category of Schizophrenia.

A
  • delusions of grandeur and/or persecution
  • not always shown, sometimes triggered
  • vary across cultures. Someone says people are following me. In US, because I’m so important. In Japan, because I’m repulsive
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13
Q

Explain the Catatonic category of Schizophrenia.

A
  • severe motor disturbance
  • muscular stupor- frozen in place
  • repetitive movement
  • mutism- can’t speak
  • Ecolalia- repeats other person’s spoken words
  • “waxy flexibility”- move frozen person like a mannequin
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14
Q

Explain the Disorganized category of Schizophrenia.

A
  • severe maladaptive behavior- interferes with at least one large sphere of life
  • Babbling, disorganized thought and speech, loosened associations
  • ex- painting has a headache
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15
Q

Explain the undifferentiated category of Schizophrenia.

A
  • Has multiple symptoms from each cluster. Not in one category
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16
Q

What are the 5 Risk factors of Schizophrenia?

A
  • can show you have this vulnerability
  1. Genetic factors
  2. Brain abnormalities
  3. Attention Deviance
  4. Prenatal Environment
  5. Postnatal Environment
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17
Q

Explain genetic factors’ role in having an increased likelihood of causing Schizophrenia

A
  • hereditary predisposition
  • 1% likelihood of developing it
  • if identical twin develops it, other twin has 50% chance
  • higher chance in identical twins
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18
Q

Explain brain abnormalities’ role in having an increased likelihood of causing Schizophrenia.

A
  • overabundance of dopamine
  • differences in structure- larger ventricles
  • inefficient neurotransmission- abnormality in glial cells/myelin sheaths
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19
Q

Explain attentional deviance’s role in having an increased likelihood of causing Schizophrenia

A
  • inability to filter out irrelevant stimuli and poor attention span
  • Stroop task- naming the lettering color while ignoring the name of the word. We all take a long time to do this
  • People with Schizophrenia take a much longer time with this task because they have difficulty filtering out stimuli- a risk factor.
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20
Q

Explain the prenatal environment’s role in having an increased likelihood of causing Schizophrenia

A
  • virus hypothesis. Correlation between flu suffered by mother in second trimester and higher likelihood of schizophrenia in kid
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21
Q

Explain the postnatal environment’s role in having an increased likelihood of causing Schizophrenia

A
  • stress is a factor in onset and relapse of disorder

- being raised in stressful/urban environment doubles risk

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22
Q

Explain depression. Which gender has it more? Is it the most prevalent?

A
  • most prevalent disorders.
  • 15% have major depression, 50% have any depressive disorder
  • women more likely to develop than men. Men diagnosed more often with depression as a symptom of substance abuse
  • men try to self-medicate for depression, so that’s why they end up with substance use disorder rather than depression diagnosis
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23
Q

What are the characteristics of depressive disorders?

A
  • negative emotional state
  • slow cognitive processing, difficulty concentrating
  • fatigue or insomnia
  • decreased interest in anything pleasurable- food and sex
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24
Q

What are the risk factors for moderate to major depression?

A
  • Genetic vulnerability
  • situational and cognitive factors
  • loss of control/learned helplessness
  • unhealthy attribution style for events
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25
Q

Explain genetic vulnerability as a risk factor for moderate to major depression.

A
  • norepinephrine and serotonin disturbances

- lead to over attention to negative stimuli

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26
Q

Explain situational factors as a risk factor for moderate to major depression.

A
  • something bad happening to you out of your control

- ex- learned helplessness

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27
Q

Explain loss of control/learned helplessness as a risk factor for moderate to major depression.

A
  • dogs who didn’t escape shock box developed MDD. Learned helplessness when they could escape. Didn’t try to escape shocks after
  • level of learned helplessness correlated with serotonin drop
  • SSRIs antidepressants given to dogs to block link between loss of control and depression
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28
Q

Explain unhealthy attribution styles for events as a risk factor for moderate to major depression.

A
  • negative event: someone with depression attributes it to internal, stable, global factors. “I’m stupid”
  • positive event: someone with depression attributes it to external, unstable, specific factors. “It was an easy exam and had nothing to do with my abilities”
  • w/out depression- healthy attribution style. Good things happen because I worked hard and I’m smart
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29
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

A
  • special case of depression can be severe (SAD) or mild (winter blues)
  • occurs when days get shorter in fall
  • loss of light leads to “phase delay” in circadian rhythms and depressive symptoms
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30
Q

What is the risk factor of seasonal affective disorder and how is it treated?

A
  • risk factor- living far north of equator
  • bright light exposure 30 min in morning, 10,000 lux to reset circadian rhythms
  • medication
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31
Q

Explain cognitive factors as a risk factor for moderate to major depression.

A
  • when the way you are thinking about events in your life make you more likely to interpret them in a way that makes you feel hopeless about bad things continuing to happen
  • unhealthy attribution styles
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32
Q

What is postpartum depression?

A
  • Onset of mood symptoms during pregnancy or within 4 weeks after birth
  • different than “baby blues”- mild negative mood affects 80% of new mothers in first 2 weeks after birth
  • 10% of moms suffer PD
  • 50% of PD begins in pregnancy
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33
Q

What are the risk factors of Postpartum depression?

A
  • family history or prior history of depression (increases risk to 25%)
  • prior history of PD (increases risk to 50%)
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34
Q

Why is Postpartum depression hard to diagnose?

A
  • symptoms of disorder (sleep disruption, exhaustion) are symptoms of caring for newborn
  • women feel ashamed at being depressed at a joyful time
35
Q

What is postpartum depression with psychosis?

A
  • rarer, 1 in 1000
  • danger to themselves and infant- depression with delusions
  • delusions- “baby is possessed” “I’m a bad mother so the baby is in danger”
  • Think that hurting the baby is saving them
36
Q

What are the risk factors of postpartum depression with psychosis?

A
  • prior history of bipolar disorder

- some cases caused by autoimmune encephalitis

37
Q

What is the treatment of postpartum depression like?

A
  • PD with or without psychosis is easily treated

- greater than 90% of moms make full recovery within few months

38
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A
  • experience depression and mania

- much rarer than depression, 4% of people have it

39
Q

What are the symptoms of mania in depression?

A
  • feelings of elation
  • racing thoughts, faster speech than normal
  • grandiosity/inflated self esteem
  • hyperactive/lack of sleep, hyper social, overspending, increased sex drive
40
Q

What are the two varieties of bipolar disorder?

A
  • bipolar 1- one full episode of mania lasting a week or longer, requires hospitalization, altering with depression
  • bipolar 2- Hypomania (jr. mania, subclinical mania), alternating with depression. Can lead to full mania if not medicated.
41
Q

Why is bipolar 2 harder to diagnose?

A
  • hypomania person is functional and it’s pleasurable
  • patients not seen until they’re depressed, where they’re treated for their depression instead of bipolar
  • less likely to continue medical treatment because of pleasant aspects of hypomania
42
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A
  • characterized by severe, irrational fear or worry that disrupts functioning
43
Q

What are the different types of anxiety disorders?

A
  • generalized anxiety
  • phobia
  • social anxiety
  • panic disorder
    GPSP
44
Q

What is generalized anxiety?

A
  • type of anxiety disorder
  • chronic high level of anxiety without a specific focus, trigger, or target
  • “free floating”
  • Hypervigilance- attentional bias toward potential threats or threat words.
  • Doctor measures Helen’s growth. Thinks of tumor instead of height
45
Q

What are phobias?

A
  • type of anxiety disorder
  • specific fear of an object or action, irrationally exaggerated, interferes with life
  • simple phobias- most common. Due to evolutionary preparedness. Most common: animals, heights, blood, flying, closed spaces
46
Q

Is Wendi Gardner’s fear of bears considered a phobia if she lives in Chicago?

A

No. Because her fear doesn’t interfere with her life, it is not a clinical phobia. However, if she were to go camping where there are bears, this would be a phobia

47
Q

What does social anxiety have to do with our ancestors?

A

In the past, if we didn’t have a social group, we were considered dead.

48
Q

What is social anxiety?

A
  • type of anxiety disorder
  • the fear of speaking, eating, or performing in public, or of more social interaction
  • not a simple phobia
  • most prevalent phobia
49
Q

When does social anxiety emerge and what are the risk factors?

A
  • emerges in teen years

- risk factor is inhibited temperament- shy

50
Q

What are the different types of social anxiety?

A
  • general- all social situations
  • performance situations- ex public speaking
  • interactional situations- casual conversations
51
Q

What is panic disorder?

A
  • type of anxiety disorder
  • recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety or terror
  • the fear of attacks is more debilitating than attacks themselves
52
Q

What are the risk factors of panic disorder?

A
  • moderately heritable (40%)
  • triggered by life stressor
  • result from “anxiety sensitivity”- oversensitivity to one’s own physiological responses leads to panic feelings.
    Because of this, avoid activities where central nervous system- sympathetic fight/flight response triggered. Avoid caffeine and smoking- can emphasize sensitivity
53
Q

What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?

A
  • intrusive thoughts with uncontrollable urges (rituals) to reduce anxiety
  • aware of irrationality
54
Q

What are the obsessions of OCD?

A
  • intrusive thoughts focused on
  • cleanliness/order
  • safety of home/family
  • harm to others
  • not that harm with befall them, but carelessness of their actions will lead to harm of others
55
Q

What are OCD compulsions?

A
  • ritualistic actions that reduce anxiety. Lead to obsessions
  • washing hands or reordering object is cleanliness obsessions, checking locks is safety obsession
56
Q

What are the risk factors/development of OCD obsessions?

A
  • damage to caudate nucleus through autoimmune disease or virus. Leads to intrusive thoughts
  • PANS- pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder. Sudden onset of OCD almost overnight triggered by strep (common), Lyme, Mono, mycoplasma, and flu virus (H1N1)
57
Q

What are the risk factors of OCD compulsions?

A
  • result from operant conditioning- negative reinforcement

- compulsive behavior reduces or takes away anxiety, so it becomes reinforcing

58
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A
  • removal of unpleasant stimulus to increase probability of behavior being continued
59
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A
  • administration of stimulus to increase probability of behavior being continued
60
Q

What is the history of hoarding disorder?

A
  • used to be thought of as subtype of OCD

- first recognized as its own disorder in DSM5

61
Q

What is hoarding disorder?

A
  • excessive acquisition of inability to throw away things
  • disrupts functioning- risks health and safety, strain personal relationships, interfere with financial security
  • 2-5% population. Hard to estimate because people are ashamed
62
Q

What’s the relationship between OCD and Hoarding disorder?

A
  • hoarders unaware that behavior is problematic, OCD patients are aware
  • may or may not be related to OCD
  • When hoarding arises because of intrusive thoughts/OCD, it’s hard to treat
  • When OCD/intrusive thoughts arise because of hoarding, it’s easy to treat
63
Q

Explain the development of hoarding.

A
  • manifest in childhood
  • between 11-20, but sometimes earlier
  • increases severity with age
  • we don’t know what causes hoarding
  • may have problem with over identification/ attachment to objects. Because of this, we shouldn’t treat area (like in hoarders they clean the room), but the person
64
Q

What is the treatment for hoarding?

A
  • cognitive behavioral therapy

- exposure therapy

65
Q

What was the old view psychologists had of substance use disorder?

A

1994

  1. substance use
  2. Substance dependence- physical, physiological symptoms. Tolerance to drug, withdrawal
  3. Substance abuse- social interpersonal symptoms, missing role obligations, legal problems
66
Q

What is the new definition of Substance use disorder?

A
  • DSM5, 2013
  • social, interpersonal, physical, physiological symptoms mixed in together
  • labelled mild, moderate, or severe based on number of symptoms and level of distress/disfunction
67
Q

What is the prevalence of substance use disorder (SUD)?

A
  • 20.8 million 12 or older have SUD
  • alcohol, illicit drugs, marijuana most popular
  • opioid drug overdoses quadrupled
68
Q

What does neuroplasticity have to do do with Substance use disorder?

A
  • dopamine reward pathway adapts to chronic drug stimulation
  • reward system altered to motivate, reward drug use
  • ignore all other behavior, even if it previously gave you happiness
  • unpleasant withdrawal symptoms need to be alleviated by more drug use
  • negative reinforcement- take drug to alleviate bad withdrawal symtpoms
69
Q

Why do some substance users become addicted and others don’t?

A
  • genetics- 30-70% heritable
  • addictive personality
    • neurotic, less conscientious, less agreeable
    • more impulsive- because they have less function in orbits-frontal cortex (OFC). Addiction impairs OFC function
    • cycle- less OFC function–impulsivity—drug use—less OFC function
  • not all people who have addictive personalities get addicted to drugs
70
Q

What does Alexander’s Rat Park study show about addiction? Why do people use substances? Who gets and stays addicted?

A
  • social mice put in cage, self-administer morphine until they die
  • social mice in park stop taking morphine- even though there’s laced water, and they’re addicted
  • similar: in war, soldiers addicted to opiates. When they return to family and good environment, stop using
  • anxious, terrified, isolated rats cope with situation with morphine
  • people in “deaths of despair” die from morphine because isolated from jobs, family, meaning
  • if you have intellectual/social activities, don’t want to take opiates and withdraw from enivironment
71
Q

What are dissociate disorders?

A

Disorders that involve disruptions of identity, memory, or of conscious awareness.
Result from extreme stress

72
Q

Describe Dissociative Amnesia

A

a person forgets that an event happened or loses awareness of a long block of time

73
Q

Describe Dissociative Fugue

A
  • rare and extreme form of dissociative amnesia
  • involves loss of identity and travel to another location where sometimes assume new identity
  • fugue state ends suddenly, people don’t know what happened
74
Q

Describe Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A
  • occurrence of two or more distinct identities in an individual
  • memory gaps- person doesn’t recall everyday events
  • often women who were abused as kids have this because of repeated dissociation, different identities develop to cope with different traumas
75
Q

Describe the personality disorders in Cluster A group of DSM-5

A
  • characterized by odd or eccentric behavior
  • paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal disorders
  • characteristics: reclusive, suspicious, difficulty forming relationships
76
Q

Describe the personality disorders in Cluster B group of DSM-5

A
  • characterized by dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior

- Histrionic (theatrical), narcissistic, borderline disorders

77
Q

Describe the personality disorders in Cluster C of DSM-5

A
  • characterized by anxious or fearful

- avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive disorders

78
Q

Describe Borderline personality disorder

A
  • disturbances in identity and impulse control
  • lack strong sense of self
  • fear of abandonment
  • episodes of depression, anxiety, anger, irritability, impulsivity
  • many have experienced abuse and extreme violence
79
Q

Describe antisocial personality disorder (psychopath)

A
  • deceitful, irresponsible, lack of remorse, manipulative, large sense of self-worth, lack of emphathy
  • slower alpha- wave activity, so lower arousal
  • amygdala abnormalities or deficits in frontal lobe functioning
  • malnutrition and environmental factors may contribute to development
80
Q

What is autism

A

characterized by deficits in social interaction, by impaired communication, and by restricted interests or repetitive behaviors

81
Q

What are the symptoms of autism?

A
  • extreme end: unaware of others
  • Deficits in communication Even if they vocalize, it is often not with any intent to communicate.
  • acutely aware of their surroundings
82
Q

What are the causes of autism?

A

rare mutations involve cells having an abnormal number of copies of DNA segments

  • affect the way neural networks formed
  • exposure to antibodies in the womb may a ect brain development.
83
Q

What are the symptoms of ADHD?

A

restless, inattentive, and impulsive

- trouble making and keeping friends because they miss subtle social cues and make unintentional social mistakes

84
Q

What are the causes of ADHD?

A
  • don’t know
  • more likely than other children to come from disturbed families
  • genetic component
  • connection between the frontal lobes and the limbic system is impaired. Less activation

Psychology 110 (12 decks)

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