Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 110 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are humanist theories? What motives and terms do they consist of?

A
  • not focused on biology or early development/ learning experiences
  • believe free will and growth shape our personalities.
  • Each of our goals/values differ
  • self- actualizing motive
  • self-congruity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the self- actualizing motive?

A
  • part of humanistic theory
  • people strive to fulfill their individual potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding
  • Maslow’s pyramid tells our fundamental needs. Once we satisfy the base (physiological), we move onto the next one
  • self-actualization is at the top of the pyramid and is a luxury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is self-congruity?

A
  • ideal self- what one hopes to be
  • ought self-what one thinks they should be
  • actual self- who one is right now
  • person always trying to match their actual self into congruence with other 2
  • incongruity between actual and ought leads to anxiety
  • incongruity between actual and ideal leads to depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

According to humanist theories, how is personality shaped?

A

free will and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In self-congruity of humanist theories, what leads to depression?

A

incongruity between actual and ideal self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In self-congruity of humanist theories, what leads to anxiety?

A

Incongruity between actual and ought self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does personality predict our behavior?

A
  • people are inconsistent in behavior
  • situationism
  • interactionism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is situationism?

A
  • theory that situational norms determine behavior at any specific time point more than personality traits
  • strong situation- most likely to determine behavior because the social norms of how to behave in that situation are strong. Personality differences have no effect on behavior. Ex- classroom
  • Weak situations- less social norms, so people can behave naturally. Ex- dorm room
  • personality predicts behavioral patterns across time, but not for a single instance of behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In Situationism, what is a strong situation?

A
  • strong social norms of how to behave in a certain situation dictate/determine behavior
  • here, personality differences have no relation to behavior
  • ex- classroom. Everyone feels the need to take notes. Our personalities aren’t shown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In Situationism, what is a weak situation?

A
  • less social norms of how to act in a certain situation, so you act more freely
  • personality predicts behavior
  • ex- hanging out in dorm room
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is interactionism?

A
  • theory that behavior is jointly determined by underlying dispositions and situations. Need to know both to predict behavior
  • B=f(P,E). Behavior is a function of a person and his/her environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can be said about personality and social psychology across time?

A

personality predicts behavioral patterns across time, but social psychology predicts single instances of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The study of how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real, implied or imagined presence of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the first social psychology study

A
  • Triplett (1898) discovered social facilitation effect- the mere presence of others made you perform better and faster.
    • cyclists and kids reeling in fishing lines faster in group
  • Pessin discovered social inhibition- mere presence of others made you perform worse and slower
    • writing essay in group made people slower and worse essays
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did Zajonc find?

A
  • presence of other people increases physiological arousal (ex heart beats faster)
  • arousal facilitates dominant response- results in:
  • social facilitation- easy/well practiced tasks get easier/faster in group
  • social inhibition- hard/new tasks get harder/slower in group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What were Zajonc’s studies (multiple) and findings?

A

College students

  • put winter gear on by themselves and in group
  • faster when in group
  • social facilitation- easy task, got faster
  • put winter gear on with one hand by themselves and in group
  • slower when in group
  • social inhibition- harder/newer task takes more time

Cockroaches

  • showed that results weren’t solely because fear of evaluation
  • bugs influenced
  • cockroach stadium easy v hard, observed or not
  • showed same results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the presence of others affect us?

A
  • Ash’s line length study
  • test of visual perception
  • confederates gave wrong answer, and participant conformed most of the time and choice wrong answer
  • example of normative influence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is conformity?

A

yielding to real or imagined social pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 5 things affect conformity?

A
  • normative influence
  • informational influence
  • group cohesiveness
  • group size
  • support/ally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is normative influence? What is informational influence?

A
  • normative influence- we want to be liked and will do what it takes to get along
  • informational influence- in ambiguous situations, we look to others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is group cohesiveness? What is group size?

A
  • group cohesiveness- if the participant likes the confederates in a group, increases conformity. Example of normative influence
  • group size- increased group size increases conformity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain support as it relates to conformity.

A
  • having even one ally reduces conformity
  • Legally blind confederate ally
    • If he says the same answer as you, less likely to conform and you’re not the only person who’s going to be disliked. Normative influence
    • If he says wrong answer, you’re more likely to say your answer because you think he’s wrong because he’s blind.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an example of normative influence?

A

Asch’s line length study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some examples of informational influence?

A
  • We don’t know what restaurant to choose, so pick a restaurant with lots of people as opposed to a silent one. Others help us decide
  • War of the Worlds panic- radio show said aliens had arrived, people didn’t believe at first, but because it was an ambiguous situation, looked to others who panicked, then everyone panicked
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who is Stanley Miligram?

A
  • tried to explain behavior of German society in WWII and see how people went against moral values
  • Miligram focused on power of social situation
  • others focused on German moral values
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How was Milgram’s Yale “teacher/learner” study set up?

A
  • recruited men from community
  • made them believe assignment to teacher/learner was random
  • confederate learner
  • every wrong answer gets electric shock punishment- increases
  • destructive obedience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Before the study, what did participants expect they were going to do? What actually happened? What do the results show?

A
  • participants predicted 5% would go to end
  • Clinical psychologists predicted 1-3%
  • 65% of participants completed study
  • show: Ethical controversy. Participants weren’t cruel or callous to causing paint, but continued because of social situation
28
Q

What are other examples of destructive obedience?

A
  • Hofling (1966)- unfamiliar doctors told nurses to administer non prescribed drug double maximum dosage to confederate patient. 21/22 did
  • US soldiers followed orders to torture prisoners in Abu Ghraib 2003
  • Wells Fargo employees followed orders to open bank accounts for people without consent
29
Q

What didn’t stop destructive obedience in Milgram’s study? What did?

A

No effect

  • confederate/particpant is woman
  • sketchy location

Effect

  • shock plate that you had to press against confederate’s arm. 1/3 obeyed
  • Participant had an ally. Obedience dropped to less than 10%. Informational influence
30
Q

In Miligram’s study, to stop destructive obedience what should I do?

A
  • best- participant has ally. Obedience less than 10%

- second best- shock plate you had to press against confederate’s arm. 1/3 obeyed

31
Q

What are attitudes?

A
  • the study of likes and dislikes

- self esteem, prejudice, political identity, consumer behavior based on attitudes

32
Q

What 3 things shape our attitudes of something?

A
  1. Affect- it makes me feel good
  2. Cognition- I have beliefs about its importance
  3. Behavior- I’ve suffered for it
33
Q

What is social cognition?

A

how we think about the social world. Includes attitudes

34
Q

What is Affect in ABCs of attitude?

A
  • Affect- it makes me feel good
  • positivity in advertising. Associating brand with something positive. Based in classical conditioning and associations. Not beliefs
35
Q

What is Cognition in ABCs of attitude?

A
  • I have beliefs about its importance, value

- I know the importance of 4 wheel drive and a Chevy commercial mentioned that so I know Chevy is good

36
Q

What is Behavior in ABCs of attitude?

A
  • I’ve suffered for it
  • I spent 2 years on my IB diploma and I’ve suffered for it, so I value it more.
  • cognitive dissonance. When you have conflicting ideas and you feel discomfort, you alter an idea.
37
Q

What is Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance theory?

A
  • when our thoughts and actions are inconsistent, we feel uncomfortable/dissonance.
  • We want to establish consistency, so it’s easier to change our thoughts than our past actions
  • Ex- Say don’t have one night stands, but do it. Then change thoughts and say, is restricting myself from my sexual desires really good for me?
38
Q

Explain Festinger’s Boring Task Study

A
  • participants randomly assigned to be paid $1 or $20 to lie and tell participant study is fun
    1. Dissonance: they lied to someone for an unjustifiably small amount of money.
    2. Inconsistent with how they feel about themselves.
    3. Felt uncomfortable and changed their attitudes to justify actions.

-$1 participant changed their attitudes and told participant they liked the task more than $20

39
Q

In a holistic view of social psychology, what does every individual want? What type of influence does it lead to?

A
  • to be liked, accepted valued- normative influence
  • to have accurate views of the world- leads to informational influence because we trust others’ judgements. Allies help us resist social influence
  • to be consistent- so we change our thoughts and behaviors to restore consistency
40
Q

What is Aronson’s “harsh initiation” effect?

A

We value groups we need to work hard to belong to because of consistency/self-perception processes
- why hazing induces group loyalty

41
Q

Explain Aronson’s “harsh initiation” effect study.

A
  • the more embarrassing/ uncomfortable a group initiation, the more participants valued their membership
  • said sex words v passages from porn novel
  • listened to boring discussion
  • harsh initiation wanted to come back
  • easy didn’t want to come back
  • pressure of normative influence(people want to be liked by senior group members) and informational influence (no one else is acting like it’s a big deal)
42
Q

What is Bob Cialdini’s Study of interpersonal influence?

A
  • taking advantage of our need to be consistent and be liked
  • in day to day life
  • Need for consistency: Foot in the door
  • Need for Social Harmony/Likability: Door in the face
43
Q

Explain Cialdini’s theory about Need for Consistency.

A
  • Foot in the door- people more likely to grant large request if they’ve granted small request because we want to be consistent
  • Ex- Canned goods study- small phone survey made it more likely for people to agree to a day-long inventory
44
Q

Explain Cialdini’s theory about Need for Social Harmony/Likability.

A
  • Door in the face- small requests granted more often if first get refusal for large request because we want to be liked and then “compromise”
  • Ex- Approached and refused to work with delinquents for 6 months. More willing to take them to zoo.
  • Ex- Free gift effect- after receive a gift, more likely to be consistent. Reciprocity norm, social harmony
45
Q

What part of the brain is important for judging trustworthiness?

A

amygdala

46
Q

What is nonverbial behavior/body language? How does it affect our judgments?

A
  • facial expressions, gestures

- following observation, people can make accurate judgments, have impression formation, “thin slices of behavior”

47
Q

What are attributions

A

explanations for why events/actions occur
can be stable (permanent) or unstable (temporary)
controlled or uncontrolled

48
Q

What are personal attributions

A

explanations of behavior with reference to internal characteristics- their mood/abilities

49
Q

What are situational attributions

A

explanations of behavior with reference to external events- weather, luck

50
Q

What is correspondence bias

A

expectancy that people’s actions correspond to their beliefs and personalities

51
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error

A

When explaining other people’s behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors

52
Q

What is actor/observer discrepency

A

when interpreting own behavior, they focus on situations

when interpreting other people’s behavior, focus on dispositions (character)

ex lateness

53
Q

Stereotypes

A
  • neutral, positive or negative information

- can be inhibited by presenting people with positive examples of negatively stereotyped group

54
Q

What are illusionary correlations

A

seeing relationships that don’t exist

55
Q

Subtyping

A

When people encounter a person who doesn’t fit their stereotype, they put the person in a special category instead of altering the stereotype

56
Q

What is the brain activity behind altering stereotypes

A

frontal lobes needs to override emotional responses associated with amygdala activity

57
Q

Perspective taking

A

people contemplating psychological experiences of others

reduce racial bias

58
Q

Perspective giving

A

people share their experience as targets of discrimination

59
Q

How does proximity and familiarity influence attraction?

A

The more you’re exposed to something, the more you like it

60
Q

How does being similar in character influence attraction

A

matching principle- couples are physically similar

the more similar you are, the more likely to be friends and couples

61
Q

How do personal characteristics influence attraction

A

admirable characteristics and being physically attractive increase attraction

can’t be too perfect. There’s the pratfall effect to humanize you- spill coffee on yourself

62
Q

How does physical attractiveness influence attraction

A

find symmetrical faces more attractive than asymmetrical ones

testosterone higher in men with higher width to height ratio

what is beautiful is good stereotype- belief that attractive people are superior

63
Q

passionate love

A

state of intense longing and desire
early in relationships
evolves to companionate love

64
Q

companionate love

A

strong commitment based on friendship, trust, respect, intimacy

65
Q

Things that lead to separation

A

being overtly critical
no respect for partner
being defensive
mentally withdrawing

66
Q

What is attribution style of couples

A

how one partner explains the other’s behavior

67
Q

What is accommodation in happy couples

A

overlooking bad behavior or responding constructively

Psychology 110 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions