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Psychology 110 > Chapter 3: Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Biology and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two basic divisions of the nervous system?

A

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Made up of spinal cord and brain

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3
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Made up of all the rest of the nerve cells in the body.
Consists of somatic and autonomic nervous system.
somatic- involved in voluntary behavior
autonomic- involved in involuntary actions, like heart rate

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4
Q

There are three stages of neurons transmitting a chemical or electrical signal. What are they?

A
  1. Reception- receive the signal
  2. Integration- incoming signals are assessed
  3. Transmission- signal is passed onto the next neuron
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5
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron

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6
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A
  • transmit information from sensory receptors to the spinal cord
  • somatosensory nerves- provide information from the skin and muscles
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7
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Transmit signals from the spinal cord to an effector muscle to cause movement. The muscle contracts or relaxes.

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8
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Transmit signals in the brain or spinal cord within short or local distances.

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9
Q

What are excitatory and inhibitory signals?

A

excitatory- depolarize the membrane
inhibitory signals- hyper polarize the cell by increasing the negative charge inside the cell. Make it less likely to fire signal

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10
Q

What is the action threshold for neurons?

A

-55 millivolts. When the charge of the axon reaches this charge, action potential is fired

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11
Q

Describe the basic way an action potential is fired

A
  1. excitatory signal depolarizes membrane
  2. sodium gates open, sodium floods into axon
  3. potassium channels open, potassium leaves axon
  4. ratio is 3Na+: 2K+
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12
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A
  • made of glial cells, type of lipid
  • insulates axon causing rapid transmission of signals
  • allows for quick and frequent motor activity
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13
Q

Does a neuron fire at different strengths?

A
  • No
  • it has an all or nothing principle where the neuron fires at the same strength each time
  • the stronger the stimulation, the more frequent the neuron fires
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14
Q

State and explain the different stages of terminating neurotransmitters influence.

A
  1. reuptake- neurotransmitters are taken back into the pre-synaptic knob
  2. enzyme deactivation- enzymes in synapse break down neurotransmitters
  3. Autoreception- autoreceptors monitor amount of neurotransmitter that’s released into synapse.
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15
Q

How do drugs alter neurotransmitters or the effects of them?

A
  • alter production of N
  • mimic shape of N and bind to post-synaptic receptors
  • prevent re-uptake of N, so N remains in synapse and continues to bind to receptors
  • raise or lower amount of N produced
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16
Q

What are agonists and antagonists (relating to neurotransmitters)?

A
  • agonists- drugs and toxins that enhance neurotransmitter actions
  • antagonists- drugs and toxins that inhibit neurotransmitter actions
17
Q

How do agonist drugs/ toxins influence neurotransmitters?

A
  • increase how much neurotransmitter is made
  • block reuptake of neurotransmitter, so N continues to bind to receptors, enhancing the effects
  • can mimic N, increasing N effects
18
Q

How do antagonist drugs/toxins influence neurotransmitters?

A
  • decrease amount of N made
  • mimic shape of N and binding to receptors, preventing N binding
  • destroy N in synapse
19
Q

What are monoamine neurotransmitters? Give examples

A
  • neurotransmitters that influence arousal, regulate behavior, feelings
  • epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
20
Q

What are the functions of Acetylcholine?

A
  • motor control between nerves and muscles

- involved in memory, sleeping, learning, dreaming

21
Q

What are the functions of epinephrine/adrenaline?

A
  • flight/ flight reaction
  • causes adrenaline rush
  • monoamine
22
Q

What are the function of norepinephrine?

A
  • flight/flight reaction
  • widening pupils, increasing blood pressure, widening air passages in lungs, narrowing blood vessels
  • monoamine
23
Q

Serotonin

A
  • emotional states, dreaming, impulse control
  • low levels cause depression
  • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors allow more serotonin in synapse to bind with receptors and enhance effects, used to treat depression
  • monoamine neurotransmitter
24
Q

Dopamine

A
  • monoamine
  • involved in motivation, reward, motor control
  • guide us to things that will make us happy
  • low levels- produce problems in motor control/movement, like Parkinson’s disease
25
Q

GABA

A
  • gamma aminobutyric acid
  • prevents synaptic excitation from getting out of control
  • low levels- cause epileptic seizures
26
Q

Glutamate

A
  • excitatory transmitter
  • learning and memory
  • high levels- produce seizures and destroy neurons
27
Q

Endorphins

A
  • natural pain redactors and reward

- drugs that bind to endorphin receptors reduce pain- people still experience pain but are detached from it

28
Q

Early theory of brains- Gall and Spurzheim

A
  • phrenology
  • if a part of the brain is more used, it will enlarge and make a bump in the skull
  • can measure people’s personalities by feeling the head
29
Q

What is a psychophysiological assessment?

A

Measuring the relationship between behavioral states and bodily functions (body temp, blood temp, blood pressure)

30
Q

Polygraphs

A
  • lie detectors

- assume that liars show physical signs of stress- not reliable

31
Q

Electrophysiology

A
  • measurement of brain’s electrical activity
  • not reliable for making conclusions- doesn’t isolate specific responses to stimuli. Measures all brain electrical activity
32
Q

What is event-related- potential electrophysiology?

A
  • multiple tests, one subject

- measures brain’s electrical activity in response to specific stimuli

33
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A
  • radioactive material injected

- directly tracks substance to identify areas with increased blood flow during activities

34
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • powerful magnetic field disrupts brain’s activity

- measures energy from brain tissue- each tissue releases different amounts

35
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A
  • measures blood flow by assessing changes in blood’s oxygen level to map brain
36
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A
  • powerful magnetic field disrupts brain’s activity in specific regions
  • limitations: measure in regions close to scalp for short durations
  • used with imaging to determine region of brain necessary for specific psychological functions

Psychology 110 (12 decks)

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