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Psychology 110 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

The characteristics, emotional responses, and ways a person responds to an environment.

Differs among individuals and it changes across time

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2
Q

Do other animals have personalities?

A

Yes- other species have personalities that are also stable and reliable

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3
Q

What are the building blocks of personalities?

A

Traits

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4
Q

What are traits?

A

Characteristic and stable pattern of thought, feeling, or behavior. Based on the structural notion, traits are the building blocks of personality.

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5
Q

What is the trait theory

A

That there are 5 dimensions we use to describe person’s personality called The Big 5

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6
Q

What characteristics are the Big 5 made of?

A 
OCEAN
O- openness to experience
C- conscientiousness 
E- extraversion
A- Agreeableness
N- Neuroticism
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7
Q

Explain openness to experience

A

imaginative v down to earth
variety v routine
independent v conforming

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8
Q

Explain conscientiousness

A

organized v disorganized
careful v careless
self-disciplined v weak-willed

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9
Q

Explain extraversion

A

social v retiring
fun-loving v sober
affectionate v reserved

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10
Q

Explain agreeableness

A

softhearted v ruthless
trusting v suspicious
helpful v uncooperative

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11
Q

Explain neuroticism

A

worried v calm
insecure v secure
self-pitying v self-satisfied

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12
Q

Explain the Big 5

A
  • trait theory
  • descriptive model of personality
  • dimensions we use when describing others- especially when we use when we’re not close to them
  • tendency to use these dimensions is found across cultures- everyone thinks these dimensions are important things to know about people
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13
Q

When are we more often use the Big 5?

A

When we’re not close to the person

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14
Q

What are the biological theories of personality?

A
  • Hippocrates Theory of Temperamentum

- Eysenck- Theory about inheritability

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15
Q

What did Hippocrates believe in? Explain the Theory of Temperamentum.

A
  • first person to lay out a theory of personality
  • thought the balance of 4 humors/fluids in body corresponded to personality types
  • Theory of Temperamentum
    • black bile- melancholy/sad
    • yellow bile- choleric/angry
    • phlegm- phlegmatic/lethargic
    • blood- sanguine/cheerful
  • thought people differed in categorical ways and thought that biology caused this
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16
Q

Explain the specific of the Theory of Temperamentum

A
  • biology corresponded to personality
  • balance of humours/fluids
  • ex- if you have more phlegm, you’re more lethargic “meh”
  • black bile- melancholy/sad
  • yellow bile- choleric/angry
  • blood- sanguine/cheerful
  • phlegm- phlegmatic/lethargic (unemotional/sluggish)
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17
Q

Is Hippocrates correct? What’s the modern theory of temperamentum?

A
  • Hippocrates isn’t right
  • Now, we have the modern theory of temperament, which is the study of temperament
  • temperament- differences in emotional responding that vary across individuals, have a biological basis
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18
Q

What is temperament? When is it measured? What does it measure? What two types of temperament are there?

A
  • differences in emotional responding across individuals
  • have a biological basis
  • Can be measured in womb or in infancy
  • measures activity/ sociability/ emotionality
  • inhibited- fear/shyness
  • uninhibited- social/curious/fearless
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19
Q

Temperament is stable and can be measured in the womb. What is the timeline that it predicts?

A
  • predicts if you’re going to be extroverted or introverted
  • predict parent reports at 3 months (kids outgoing or interesting)
  • 4 years old- predicts observations
  • 8 years old- predict peer and teacher reports (Sophie talks too much in class)
  • inhibited can sometimes become uninhibited
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20
Q

What does Eysenck believe?

A
  • believed that differences in extraversion and introversion is due to physical arousability
  • there’s a magic spot- where people are alert, but not jittery or stressed
  • introverts and extroverts need to seek out more or less stimulation to get to magic spot
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21
Q

What are extroverts according to Eysenck?

A
  • uninhibited temperament and low arousability (harder for them to get aroused)
  • seek a lot of external stimulation to get to magic spot. It takes a lot of energy for them to get aroused.
  • they have a lower heart rate in reaction to stimulation, so they seek more stimulation
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22
Q

What are introverts according to Eysenck?

A
  • inhibited temperament and higher arousability (easier for them to get aroused)
  • they get aroused easily, so they avoid external stimulations
  • in response to a stimulus, they have a high heart rate, so they seek less to reach magic spot
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23
Q

What’s the difference between introverts and extroverts? (simple)

A

how exhausted you are by people. It’s not that extraverts like people more than introverts

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24
Q

What does Gray believe?

A

Differences between inhibited and uninhibited temperament due to behavioral inhibition system and behavioral activation system

25
Q

According to Gray, explain introverts and extroverts.

A

Extraverts

  • BAS>BIS. Activation system is greater than inhibition system
  • more sensitive to rewards than punishments
  • they learn faster with rewards than punishments when being conditioned

Introverts
- BAS

26
Q

Explain the maze image based on Gray’s theory

A

Extroverts

  • solve a maze easier if there’s cheese at the end
  • solve maze faster because reward motivates them

Introverts

  • solve a maze easier if a scary owl is present
  • solve maze faster because motivated to get mouse to safety. More sensitive to punishments
27
Q

Are all Big 5 traits heritable or is just one of the traits?

A

All 5 are heritable

28
Q

What’s the relationship between the Big 5 traits and twins?

A
  • identical twins more aligned in personality and temperament (Big 5) because they share more genetic makeup
  • this correlation can change with environment or over time/adult development
29
Q

What are the three developmental theories of Psychology?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Freudian Theory
  3. Bandura’s Social learning Theory
30
Q

What is attachment theory?

A
  • one developmental theory of psychology
  • bonds between infant and caregiver influence individual’s interaction with partners throughout life
  • when young a “meta theory” occurs. Form idea about their place in the world
  • avoidant- dismissive of intimacy in relationships, wary of vulnerability
  • secure- comfortable with relationships, trust easily formed
  • anxious/ambivalent- want relationships but insecure within them
  • attachments only visible when under stress
31
Q

Explain the meta theory in the attachment theory.

A
  • occurs when young and forming bonds with caregiver
  • Am I lovable? Is the social world trustworthy?
  • secure attachment- caregiver warm and responsive when in distress
  • anxious attachment- caregiver doesn’t always respond when crying. You have abandonment issues and ask How stable are these relationships?
  • Avoidant attachment- caregiver doesn’t attend to you and you’re forced to cry it out and become emotionally reliant
32
Q

Freud’s Personality Development theory

A
  • developmental focus- personality will be determined by how child passes through early psychosexual stages
  • 3 stages: oral, anal, phallic
33
Q

Explain the Oral Psychosexual stage of Freud’s personality development theory

A
  • gains sexual gratification through mouth
  • problems in the oral stage leads to adult with oral fixation prone to excess eating/ drinking
  • may have had problems with weaning
34
Q

Explain the Anal Psychosexual stage of Freud’s personality development theory

A
  • issues with toilet training or something to do with the anus leads adult to need control over environment
  • compulsively neat and precise
35
Q

Explain the Phallic Psychosexual stage of Freud’s personality development theory

A
  • between 3-6 years old, go through oedipal or Electra complex- fixation on opposite sex parent. Gives way to identification with same sex parent
  • If they have problems with this stage and don’t travel through this complex, adults won’t be comfortable in sex role. This is how gay people come to be
36
Q

What is the Oedipal or Electra complex?

A
  • Between 3-6 years old
  • fixation on opposite sex parent
  • problems with this lead to gay people
  • leads to identification with same sex parent
37
Q

What is Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: 1?

A
  • Our behavior is driven by unconscious drives
    • id- primitive component, pleasure principle. Largely unconscious
    • Ego- decision making, reality principle, largely conscious. Satisfy wishes of id, while responding to dictates of superego. Settles conflicts between id and superego
  • superego- moral, social standards, somewhat conscious. Judge.
  • ego settles conflicts between id and superego. Conflicts settled easily and non-consciously. Ego constantly controls id to avoid judgement from superego.
  • Realistic ego is the middleman and weighs between what you want (id) and what you should do morally/ ideallistically (superego)
38
Q

Explain the conflicts in Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory 1.

A
  • ego settles conflicts between id and superego. Conflicts settled easily and non-consciously. Ego constantly controls id to avoid judgement from superego.
39
Q

Match: id, ego superego to pleasure principle, reality principle, social standards

A

id- pleasure principal
ego- reality principle
superego- social standards

40
Q

What is Freud’s psychoanalytic Theory: 2?

A

When conflicts aren’t settled, people use defensive mechanisms to deal with anxiety or guilt.
Defense mechanisms and developmental fixations (oral, anal, phallic) result in personality change/behavioral differences

41
Q

State all of the defense mechanisms

A 
repression
rationalization
projection
displacement
reaction formation
sublimation
42
Q

What’s the way to remember the defense mechanisms?

A

Triple R PDS

43
Q

What is repression?

A
  • ego keeps distracting thoughts or feelings buried in unconscious. Can lead to Freudian slips
  • defense mechanism
44
Q

What are Freudian slips?

A
  • something that doesn’t mean to come out, but comes out in ways you don’t expect
  • occur during repression defense mechanism
  • Women paint trees and end up being phallic- revealing their penis envy
45
Q

What is rationalization?

A
  • creating plausible but false excuses to justify behavior
  • defense mechanism
  • taking classes together and study buddies
46
Q

What is projection?

A
  • attributing one’s own state to another
  • defense mechanism
  • warning friend that Jessy is trying to steal boyfriend
47
Q

What is displacement?

A
  • diversion of state to another substitute
  • falling in love with roommate
    defense mechanism
48
Q

What is reaction formation?

A
  • behaving in opposite fashion in exaggerated way
  • defense mechanism
  • hating guy
49
Q

What is sublimation?

A
  • redirecting motive toward more desirable social ends
  • write love songs, paint
  • defense mechanism
50
Q

What do psychologists think of Freud now? Is he right?

A
  • no evidence for psychosexual stages
  • notion that behavior arises from unconscious processes is correct
  • but- unconscious isn’t as lusty/motivated as he thought
  • personality theories and defense mechanisms are hard to test
  • called psychoanalysis- study of unconscious mind- taught as therapeutic approach
51
Q

What is Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

A

Personality dispositions are shaped though development by learning and experience

  • environmental influences/ observational learning
  • early experiences shape cognitive expectancies about our place in world and ability to change things
52
Q

How does observational learning/environmental influences shape learning?

A

modeling- children imitate behaviors of adults or peers they like or that they see rewarded

53
Q

How do our early experiences shape cognitive expectancies about our place in the world?

A
  • Locus of control- the extent to which we believe influential forces lie within (internal locus of control) or outside (external locus of control) us
  • external locus of control- it’s Tuesday so parents say I’ll wear red and eat fish sticks. Learn to believe that things happen to you.
  • internal locus of control- I choose to eat fish sticks and wear red.
  • self-efficacy- beliefs about my ability and competence. Can be domain specific (athletics or academics)
  • low self-efficacy in one domain- ex softball
  • high self-efficacy in general- learn anything and conquer everything. leads to greater persistence on challenging tasks
54
Q

What is the locus of control?

A
  • relates to Bandura’s social learning theory that Early experiences shape cognitive expectancies about our place in world
  • Locus of control- the extent to which we believe influential forces lie within (internal locus of control) or outside (external locus of control) us
55
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A
  • self-efficacy- beliefs about my ability and competence. Can be domain specific (athletics or academics)
  • low self-efficacy in one domain- ex softball
  • high self-efficacy in general- learn anything and conquer everything. leads to greater persistence on challenging tasks
56
Q

What is low arousability? Eysenck

A
  • harder for them to get aroused
  • extroverts
  • seek more external stimulations
57
Q

What is high arousability? Eysenck

A
  • easier for them to get aroused
  • introverts
  • seek less/ avoid external stimulations
58
Q

What is the relationship between Freud’s psychosexual stage and later in life?

A

if you didn’t fully resolve early psychosexual stage, you had a fixation later in life

Psychology 110 (12 decks)

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