Chapter 8

Question 1

The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. the middle West
B. the Ohio River valley
C. the West Indies
D. the lower Saint Lawrence River valley

Answer 1

C. the West Indies

Question 2

A peninsulare was a person \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. born in the New World
B. born in Spain
C. who owns land in the New World
D. who owns land in Spain

Answer 2

B. born in Spain

Question 3

As a result of a scarcity of labor, which of the following nations were the first to quickly turn to importing African slaves? 
A. Holland and France
B. France and Spain
C. Portugal and Holland
D. Spain and Portugal

Answer 3

D. Spain and Portugal

Question 4

The first slaves traded in the transatlantic economy, in the early sixteenth century, landed in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. North America in Spanish Florida
B. North America in the British Virginia
C. the West Indies and South America
D. the coast of Dutch Guiana

Answer 4

C. the West Indies and South America

Question 5

Black slaves had the fewest legal protections in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ areas. 
A. British 
B. French 
C. Dutch 
D. Portuguese

Answer 5

D. Portuguese

Question 6

A vast increase in the number of Africans brought as slaves to the Americas occurred during the eighteenth century, with most arriving in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. the Carolinas or Virginia
B. the Caribbean or Brazil
C. Mexico or Florida
D. Granada or Peru

Answer 6

B. the Caribbean or Brazil

Question 7

Colonial trade in the transatlantic world roughly followed a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. line
B. triangle
C. square
D. pentagon

Answer 7

B. triangle

Question 8

The War of Jenkins’s Ear was fought by England to block incursions on British trade by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. Russia
B. France
C. Portugal
D. Spain

Answer 8

D. Spain

Question 9

Maria Theresa’s great achievement was ________.
the defeat of Frederick II
A. the reconquest of Silesia
B. her granting of additional privileges to the nobility
C. the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as a major D. political power

Answer 9

D. political power

Question 10

The French and Indian War formally erupted in the summer of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. 1745
B. 1765
C. 1755
D. 1775

Answer 10

C. 1755

Question 11

The Seven Years’ War was fought mainly in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. South America
B. North America
C. South Asia
D. Southern Europe

Answer 11

B. North America

Question 12

Much credit for Britain’s victory in the Seven Years’ War should go to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Robert Walpole
B. George III
C. William Pitt the Elder
D. Samuel Fox

Answer 12

C. William Pitt the Elder

Question 13

Europe’s balance of power was upset when Prussia’s King Frederick II seized the Austrian province of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. 	Silesia
B. 	Austria
C. 	Germany
D. 	the Netherlands

Answer 13

A. Silesia

Question 14

The defensive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into the German states was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A. 	Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
B. 	Convention of Westminster
C. 	Treaty of Hubertusburg
D. 	Treaty of Paris of 1763

Answer 14

B. Convention of Westminster

Question 15

Benjamin Franklin gained assistance against Britain from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Germany
B. Holland 
C. Spain 
D. France

Answer 15

D. France

Question 16

The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was ________.
A. a new idea of how alliances could be used
B. a shift in alliances
C. the alliance of most of Europe against Austria
D. a division of Europe into east and west

Answer 16

B. a shift in alliances

Question 17

The act that put a tax on legal documents and other items such as newspapers was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. 	Stamp Act
B. 	Sugar Act
C. 	Intolerable Acts
D.	Declaratory Act

Answer 17

A. Stamp Act

Question 18

What crop, more than any other increased the early demand for slave labor?
A. sugar
B. cotton
C. tobacco
D. potatoes

Answer 18

A. sugar

Question 19

Britain changed the outcome of the Seven Years’ War when it came to the aid of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. France
B. Austria
C. Prussia
D. Russia

Answer 19

C. Prussia

Question 20

The war that gave the world a successful government without kings was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Seven Years’ War
B. War of Jenkins’s Ear
C. American Revolution
D. War of Austrian Succession

Answer 20

C. American Revolution

Question 21

Although the primary trade pattern of the transatlantic economy was from Africa and Europe to the Americas, a secondary trade pattern existed between \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. New England and the West Indies
B. New England and India
C. the West Indies and South America
D. the West Indies and India

Answer 21

A. New England and the West Indies

Question 22

To what region was the greatest number of slaves sent?
A. North America
B. Europe
C. the West Indies
D. South America

Answer 22

C. the West Indies

Question 23

The philosophy of John Locke contributed to the rhetoric surrounding which war?
A. the American Revolution
B. the War of Jenkins’s Ear
C. the War of the Austrian Succession
D. the Seven Years’ War

Answer 23

A. the American Revolution

Question 24

The intendants used by Charles III amounted to an expansion of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. slavery
B. royal power
C. the power of the creoles
D. sugar cultivation

Answer 24

B. royal power

Question 25

The leader of the Yorkshire Association Movement was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Christopher Wyvil
B. Lord North
C. John Wilkes
D. William Pitt the Younger

Answer 25

A. Christopher Wyvil

Question 26

The commercial empires of the 1700s were a feature of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_stage of European imperialism. 
A. 	first 
B. 	second
C. 	third
D. 	fourth

Answer 26

B. second

Question 27

Which of the following factors allowed European nations to exert influence and dominance over much of the world?
A. cultural superiority
B. religious convictions and the spread of Christianity to new colonies
C. technological superiority
D. agricultural advances and population increases
Answer: C

Answer 27

C. technological superiority

Question 28

Mercantilist thinkers assumed that ________.
A. a stable economy was one that maintained its wealth, not allowing it to grow or decline
B. only modest levels of economic growth were possible
C. rapid growth every fiscal year was possible and
necessary
D. a capitalist system was superior to any other economic system

Answer 28

B. only modest levels of economic growth were possible

Question 29

Under mercantilism, colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for the industries of the home country, and in turn, the home country was to ________.
A.protect and administer the colonies
B. educate and Christianize the colonies
C.generate free trade for the colonies to spur the local economy
D.produce agricultural and manufactured goods to supply the colonies

Answer 29

A.protect and administer the colonies

Question 30

According to the text, which of the following were closely related?
A. warfare in West Africa and slavery in the Americas
B. warfare in Latin America and the political development of the Ohio River valley
C. warfare in Eastern Europe and the political development of the American colonies
D.warfare in Western Europe and the economic development of Indian commerce

Answer 30

A. warfare in West Africa and slavery in the Americas

Question 31

What two areas were often the source of conflict and wars between the great powers in the mid-eighteenth century?
A. China and the access to the Mediterranean Sea
B. the African coast and access to the Mediterranean Sea
C. overseas empires and central and eastern Europe
D. overseas empires and western Europe

Answer 31

C. overseas empires and central and eastern Europe

Question 32

Frederick II’s invasion of Silesia offset the continental balance of power and ________.
A. drew England into a war in North America
B. shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction
C. led to the defeat of the Spanish trade monopoly
D. sparked the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War

Answer 32

B. shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction

Question 33

The war over the Austrian succession and the British-Spanish commercial conflict might have remained separate disputes; what united them was the ________.
A. Role of France
B. immediate British conquest of the French colonies
C. slow-moving Prussian threat to the Low Countries
D. lasting Prussian threat to France

Answer 33

A. Role of France

Question 34

At the outbreak of the French and Indian War, new political alliances formed in Europe and included an alliance between \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. Prussia and Austria
B. Great Britain and Austria
C. France and Great Britain
D. France and Austria

Answer 34

D. France and Austria

Question 35

From the British victory in the French and Indian War, Great Britain became not only a European power, but also a world power until \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. the worldwide depression in the 1930s
B. World War I
C. World War II
D. the beginning of the Cold War

Answer 35

C. World War II

Question 36

What was the outcome of the 1783 Treaty of Paris?
A. The treaty granted independence to the American colonies.
B. The treaty granted control of all of Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi River valley to Britain.
C. The treaty ended the Seven Years’ War.
D. The treaty preserved the Habsburg dynasty.

Answer 36

A. The treaty granted independence to the American colonies.

Question 37

What was the reaction of the American colonists to the Quebec Act?
A. The Americans regarded the Quebec Act as an attempt to prevent their mode of self-government from spreading beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
B. The Americans felt that the Quebec Act would support their political plans.
C. The Americans were threatened by the Quebec Act because it allied France to the Native Americans.
D. The Americans embraced the Quebec Act as a precedent for resisting Britain.

Answer 37

A. The Americans regarded the Quebec Act as an attempt to prevent their mode of self-government from spreading beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

Question 38

At the conclusion of the French and Indian War, what two imperial problems did the British government face?
A. the costs of maintaining its empire and the vast expanse of new territory in North America that it had to organize
B. how to protect itself from the Spanish Empire in North America and the loss of its North American territories
C. how to integrate the French-speaking territories peacefully into British holdings and the costs of maintaining its empire
D. the vast expanse of new territory in North America that it had to organize and how to avoid a Spanish attack on its newly conquered land

Answer 38

A. the costs of maintaining its empire and the vast expanse of new territory in North America that it had to organize

Question 39

After 1713, what did the following colonies have in common: Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Bermuda, Jamaica, and Barbados?
A. They were all founded by Christopher Columbus.
B. They were all important sugar producers.
C. They all relied on slave labor.
D. They were all British colonies.

Answer 39

D. They were all British colonies.

Question 40

What was one of the most important causes that drove European nations to increase their taxes in the mid-eighteenth century?
A. They wished to settle more colonies in the New World.
B. They wished to import more slaves from Africa.
C. They wished to increase their trade networks.
D. They had to pay off their war debts from prolonged wars.

Answer 40

D. They had to pay off their war debts from prolonged wars.

Question 41

What did the world learn about the Atlantic Passage from memoirs and ships logs?
A. Cargo was shipped in filthy conditions.
B. Sailors were treated with respect and good pay.
C. The work of sailors was unrelenting and brutally hard.
D. The process of moving Africans to the Americas was horrific and inhumane.

Answer 41

D. The process of moving Africans to the Americas was horrific and inhumane.

Question 42

What conditions in Africa facilitated the capture and forced transport of African slave labor?
A. stable political relations between African communities
B. political unrest and inter-tribal warfare
C. strong trade networks within Africa
D. well-developed transportation and roads in Africa

Answer 42

B. political unrest and inter-tribal warfare

Question 43

Religion among slave communities in the Americas is best described as ________.
A. Christian
B. a mixture of Christian and African traditions
C. forbidden, but practiced in secret
D. virtually nonexistent

Answer 43

B. a mixture of Christian and African traditions

Question 44

What advantage did the peninsulares receive in the Spanish Colonies?
A. They received land.
B. They received the revenue from silver mines.
C.They received the best, most profitable jobs in the region.
D. They were treated like second-class citizens.

Answer 44

C.They received the best, most profitable jobs in the region.

Question 45

The Yorkshire Association Movement was started in England to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. reduce taxes
B. decrease involvement in foreign wars
C. abolish slavery
D. reform the government

Answer 45

D. reform the government

Question 46

What were the effects of the Yorkshire Association Movement?
A. The movement collapsed without effect.
B. Many people gained experience with political protest.
C. Parliament implemented a permanent economical reform.
D. George III made long-term bonds with the House of Commons.

Answer 46

B. Many people gained experience with political protest.

Question 47

What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?
A. Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River valley, and the eastern half of the Mississippi River valley.
B. The American colonies were granted independence from Britain.
C. The continental conflict of the Seven Years’ War ended with no significant changes in prewar borders.
D. Spain received all of South America as well as areas in North America, including Florida, Mexico, California, and the Southwest.

Answer 47

A. Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River valley, and the eastern half of the Mississippi River valley.

Question 48

What prompted the emergence in Europe of eating dessert after a meal?
A. the discovery of chocolate
B. the introduction of New World customs
C. the increased access to sugar
D. the introduction of coffee

Answer 48

C. the increased access to sugar

Question 49

What was the British motivation for passing the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act?
A. Britain wanted to exert authority over the unruly colonists.
B. Britain needed to raise money to pay its debts.
C. Britain was losing money on sugar and legal papers.
D. The British Parliament was feeling pressure from citizens to force more contributions from the colonists.

Answer 49

B. Britain needed to raise money to pay its debts.

Question 50

The technique used to assure discipline, prevent injury to the crew, and prevent suicide among Africans on the Atlantic Passage was to ________.
A. tightly pack the Africans in the ship’s hold
B. feed the Africans well and keep them entertained
C. keep the Africans in iron shackles throughout the voyage
D. kill any African who created unrest during the voyage

Answer 50

C. keep the Africans in iron shackles throughout the voyage

Question 51

The use of Coromantee illustrates ________.
A. the harsh conditions imposed by slavery
B. the common origins of most slaves in the Americas
C. religious customs among black slaves
D. the survival of African culture under slavery

Answer 51

D. the survival of African culture under slavery

Question 52

The mid-eighteenth-century wars had what impact on the domestic politics of the nations that took part?
A. Conscription meant that war affected all sectors
of European society.
B. The use of total warfare meant that every aspect of life was impacted directly.
C. The impact was felt primarily through the demands for taxation caused by the wars.
D. Fought primarily in France and Britain, the conflicts devastated these two nations directly.

Answer 52

C. The impact was felt primarily through the demands for taxation caused by the wars.

Question 53

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, resulted in which of the following?
A. Prussia retained Silesia.
B. Spain was defeated in North America.
C. France renewed Britain’s privilege from the Treaty of Utrecht.
D. British power ended in southeast Asia.

Answer 53

A. Prussia retained Silesia.

Question 54

The Intolerable Acts were prompted by ________.
A. colonial protest to earlier tax measures
B. the need to raise revenue
C. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
D. the end of the Seven Years’ War

Answer 54

A. colonial protest to earlier tax measures

Question 55

The American Revolution had what effect on British policy in the short term?
A. The pace of reform increased.
B. The Yorkshire Movement quickly achieved its aims.
C. Some reforms were achieved.
D. The country underwent a reactionary period.

Answer 55

C. Some reforms were achieved.