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Ap Euro History > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of ________.
A. spiritual harmonies
B. the motion of atoms
C. their relation to celestial vibrations
D. mathematical relationships

A

D. mathematical relationships

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2
Q 
The scientific fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Isaac Newton
B. Galileo Galilei
C. Tycho Brahe
D. Johannes Kepler
A

D. Johannes Kepler

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3
Q 
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the discoveries that most captured the public imagination were made in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. medicine
B. natural history
C. chemistry
D. astronomy
A

D. astronomy

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4
Q 
Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of an earth-centered universe?
A. Tycho Brahe
B. Nicolaus Copernicus
C. Galileo Galilei
D. Johannes Kepler
A

B. Nicolaus Copernicus

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5
Q 
Who addressed the issue of planetary motion and established a basis for physics that endured for more than two centuries?
A. Nicolaus Copernicus
B. Isaac Newton
C. Johannes Kepler
D. Galileo Galilei
A

B. Isaac Newton

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6
Q 
Who is known as the father of empiricism?
A. Isaac Newton
B. Francis Bacon
C. Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
A

B. Francis Bacon

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7
Q 
Although he invented analytic geometry, whose most important contribution was to develop a scientific method that relied more on deduction?
A. René Descartes
B. Francis Bacon
C. Isaac Newton
D. Johannes Kepler
A

A. René Descartes

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8
Q 
Descartes divided existing things into two categories: body and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. modality
B. God
C. metaphor
D. mind
A

D. mind

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9
Q 
Hobbes saw human beings as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. naturally docile
B. basically good
C. basically just
D. self-centered, power-hungry creatures
A

D. self-centered, power-hungry creatures

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10
Q 
Maria Winkelmann made her contributions in the field of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. natural history
B. medicine
C. astronomy
D. biology
A

C. astronomy

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11
Q 
How many people were sentenced to death for witchcraft or harmful magic between 1400 and 1700?
A. 1.5 to 2 million
B. 2,000 to 3,000
C. 500,000 to 600,000
D. 70,000 to 100,000
A

D. 70,000 to 100,000

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12
Q 
What percentage of people accused of witchcraft in the early modern period were women?
A. 80 percent
B. 100 percent
C. 50 percent
D. 10 percent
A

A. 80 percent

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13
Q 
In the sixteenth century, midwifery was a trade often pursued by\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. noble women
B. merchant’s wives
C. elderly or widowed women
D. male barbers
A

C. elderly or widowed women

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14
Q 
Baroque art first emerged in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. Paris, France
B. papal Rome
C. Florence, Italy
D. Buckingham Palace, London, England
A

B. papal Rome

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15
Q

Galileo named the moons of Jupiter after the Medicis because ________.
A. he wanted to flatter his patrons
B. looking for famous names, he could only think of the Medicis
C. he was in love with a Medici noblewoman
D. it was the custom to name heavenly bodies after living people

A

A. he wanted to flatter his patrons

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16
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus’s breakthrough was to show how the ________.
A. earth moved around the sun
B. sun moved around the earth
C. sun was dotted with sun spots
D. earth was accompanied by other planets in our solar system

A

A. earth moved around the sun

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17
Q 
The experiences of the English Civil War led Thomas Hobbes to summarize his views about strong central government in his book \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. Second Treatise of Government
B. Leviathan 
C. Discourse on Method
D. Gulliver’s Travels
A

B. Leviathan

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18
Q 
Baroque art became associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. the Renaissance
B. English nobility
C. Roman Catholicism
D. popular Protestantism
A

C. Roman Catholicism

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19
Q 
Jonathan Swift’s satire of the new sciences was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Leviathan
B. Gulliver’s Travels 
C. First Treatise of Government 
D. Letter Concerning Toleration
A

B Gulliver’s Travels

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20
Q 
Brahe’s assistant was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Francis Bacon
B. René Descartes
C. Johannes Kepler
D. John Locke
A

C. Johannes Kepler

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21
Q 
The scientist most known for his work on the laws of gravitation was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Tycho Brahe
B. Isaac Newton
C. Francis Bacon
D. John Locke
A

B.Isaac Newton

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22
Q 
The most famous institution dedicated to the new sciences was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A.Berlin Academy of Science
B. Royal Society of London
C. University of Paris
D. French Academy of Science
A

B. Royal Society of London

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23
Q 
The woman who brought René Descartes to advise on the new science academy was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Queen Christina of Sweden
B. Maria Cunitz
C. Elisabetha Hevelius
D. Maria Winkelmann
A

A. Queen Christina of Sweden

24
Q 
The author of Pensées, published posthumously, was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Denis Diderot
B. René de Chateaubriand
C. René Descartes
D. Blaise Pascal
A

D. Blaise Pascal

25
Q 
The clergy \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the search for witches.
A. condemned
B. ignored
C. endorsed
D. pitied
A

C. endorsed

26
Q

Baroque art aligned with the ideas of the scientific revolution because it ________.
A. paralleled the interest in human anatomy and the natural world
B. departed from classic religious scenes
C.depicted largely mathematical ideas
D. was commissioned by the leaders of the new scientific world

A

A. paralleled the interest in human anatomy and the natural world

27
Q 
In the early sixteenth century, the standard explanation of earth’s place in the heavens combined the works of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Aquinas and Bacon
B. Plato and Aristotle
C. Ptolemy and Aristotle
D. Socrates and Plato
A

A. Aquinas and Bacon

28
Q

Which of the following is Tycho Brahe’s major contribution to science?
A. He created a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work.
B. He did groundbreaking scientific research in which he suggested that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun.
C. He proved Copernicus’s research incorrect and published his own geocentric findings.
D. He proved that the moon and other planets revolved around the earth.

A

A. He created a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work.

29
Q 
Newton was a strong supporter of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. empiricism
B. inspiration
C. divine guidance
D. rationalism
A

A.empiricism

30
Q

Many proponents of mechanism believed________.
A. machines should do the work of humans
B. human beings were machines, slaves to religion
C. humans were machines whose purpose was to produce knowledge
D. the world could be explained in mechanical metaphors

A

D. the world could be explained in mechanical metaphors

31
Q

Francis Bacon believed that________.
A. the study of nature began with the articulation of general principles
B. knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human condition
C. knowledge of nature was primarily useful for what it told us about the divine
D. the best era of human history lay in antiquity

A

B. knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human condition

32
Q 
According to Hobbes, human beings escape the terrible state of nature by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. becoming selfless and obeying others
B. taking part in a tacit contract
C. naturally being sociable
D. embracing Christianity
A

B. taking part in a tacit contract

33
Q 
In Locke’s view, the relationship between rulers and the governed had its foundation in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. military power
B. divine will
C. trust
D. economic inequality
A

C. trust

34
Q

According to Pascal’s famous wager, ________.
A. it is best to believe God exists and stake everything to gain the lot; if God should prove not to exist, comparatively little will have been lost
B. it is best to live life to the fullest, regardless of your religious beliefs, and if God does exist, seek forgiveness near the end of your life
C. it is best to believe that God does not exist so that if he does exist, you will be joyful rather than disappointed
D. only one person in a hundred would be saved

A

A. it is best to believe God exists and stake everything to gain the lot; if God should prove not to exist, comparatively little will have been lost

35
Q

A. Based upon your knowledge of the text, which of the following is the most plausible cause of the witch hunts?
The droughts causing famine, especially in Ireland, led to the death of many, and because the witches claimed to control the weather, they were to blame.
B. Witches were primarily women, and because women bore children that were causing an economic and scientific panic, they were to blame.
C. The corrupt government needed a distracter from the bad publicity, and because the same women that were suspected witches were spreading the news of corruption, politicians saw witch hunts as an answer to both their problems.
D. Religious divisions and warfare threatened the security of society, and the witches were the scapegoats of a social panic.

A

D. Religious divisions and warfare threatened the security of society, and the witches were the scapegoats of a social panic.

36
Q

The witch hunts ended because, among other things, ________.
A. they threatened the social order
B. Protestants were more preoccupied with the devil
C. the power of words seemed greater after Gutenberg
D. no judges were left

A

A.they threatened the social order

37
Q

Charles I’s employment of Rubens illustrated to the people of England that ________.
A. baroque art demonstrated religious truths
B. Charles opposed a monarchial government
C. Galileo was incorrect and should be condemned
D. Charles I had Roman Catholic sympathies

A

D. Charles I had Roman Catholic sympathies

38
Q 
The most elaborative baroque monument to political absolutism was\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Pope Urban VIII’s tabernacle in Rome
B. Charles I’s palace in London
C. Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles
D. Franz Joseph’s palace in Vienna
A

C. Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles

39
Q 
Which of these first argued convincingly for the heliocentric model of the universe.
A. Nicolaus Copernicus
B. Isaac Newton
C. Johannes Kepler
D. Galileo Galilei
A

A. Nicolaus Copernicus

40
Q

As Brahe’s assistant, Kepler ________.
A. stayed closely aligned to the theories of Brahe long after Brahe’s death
B. grew jealous of Brahe’s fame and worked to discount the research they had completed together
C. was considered inferior to Brahe as a scientist
D. helped collect the scientific data and then interpreted it in his own way after Brahe’s death

A

A. stayed closely aligned to the theories of Brahe long after Brahe’s death

41
Q 
Prior to 1600, the scientific world viewed Copernicus’s understanding of the universe with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. full acceptance and approval
B. complete rejection
C. caution and interest
D. religious outrage and condemnation
A

C. caution and interest

42
Q

How did the telescope change the understanding of the universe for scientists?
A. It increased the range of physical observations.
B. It required a new level of mathematical accuracy.
C. It improved navigation.
D. It required increased attention to scientific subjects.

A

A. It increased the range of physical observations.

43
Q 
In his Discourse on Method, Descartes attacked \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Locke’s method
B. the use of reason alone
C. the church
D. received truths
A

D. received truths

44
Q

The idea that humans were, by nature, creatures of reason and basic goodwill is an idea embraced by ________.
A. Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Descartes
B. Hobbes, in opposition to the ideas of John Locke
C. Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes
D. Bacon, in opposition to the ideas of John Locke

A

C. Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes

45
Q

How did scientists and universities interact during the scientific revolution?
A. Universities were often criticized by scientists.
B. Universities were generally praised by scientists.
C. Scientists were eager to be hired by universities.
D. Universities wanted to take the credit for the discoveries of scientists.

A

A. Universities were often criticized by scientists.

46
Q 
The learned societies that emerged in the 1600s are best described as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. forums for intellectual exchange
B. political clubs
C. social gatherings
D. closely linked to universities
A

A. forums for intellectual exchange

47
Q

The Enlightenment was the movement that________.
A. held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science
B. brought scientists and philosophers together to reconcile their differences on the state of the natural world
C. attempted to interpret the events of scripture based on scientific observations of the natural world
D. saw the growth of industry and the increase of manufacturing

A

A. held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science

48
Q

The Berlin Academy of Science denied Maria Winkelmann’s application to continue her husband’s study because ________.
A. she was a woman
B. her husband had died
C. her work was considered inferior to the work of other scientists
D. she had angered the upper level hierarchy of the Academy

A

A. she was a woman

49
Q

The book on astronomy by Maria Cunitz was ________.
A. initially rejected by the scientific world
B. recognized as her own work only after her husband added a preface
C. considered an important accomplishment for a woman of her day
D. widely read and distributed in universities

A

B. recognized as her own work only after her husband added a preface

50
Q

According to Francis Bacon, the Bible and nature ________.
A. should be explained by scientists
B. must be compatible because they shared the same author
C. appear directly opposed on countless points and must be reconciled
D. are inadequately explained by the Roman Catholic Church

A

B. must be compatible because they shared the same author

51
Q

The scope of witchcraft persecutions shows that _________.
A. the Catholic Church was losing its power
B. the Protestant Reformation had run its course
C. the wars of religion were over
D. belief in witchcraft was common

A

D. belief in witchcraft was common

52
Q

Which of the following is true of the scientific revolution?
A. It unfolded over two centuries.
B. It involved a large collective of people that numbered in the thousands.
C. It was a unified movement.
D. Everything associated with the revolution was new and groundbreaking.

A

A. It unfolded over two centuries.

53
Q 
The greatest example of empiricism is shown by the work of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Blaise Pascal
B. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
C. Thomas Hobbes
D. Ptolemy
A

C. Thomas Hobbes

54
Q 
Opposing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, it was natural that the scientific revolution would also often find itself in opposition to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. reason; the church
B. received truths; political authority
C. the deductive method; empiricism
D. scholasticism; universities
A

D. scholasticism; universities

55
Q

Pascal’s attitude towards reason was that it was ________ .
A. un-Christian
B. of little use
C. insufficient for grasping religious concepts
D. superior to faith in understanding the world

A

C. insufficient for grasping religious concepts

Ap Euro History (17 decks)

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