Chapter 8 Flashcards
an/o
anus, ring
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
col/o, colon/o
colon, large intestine
-emesis
vomitting
enter/o
small intestine
esophagi/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach, belly
hepat/o
liver
-lithiasis
prescence of stones
-pepsia
digest, digestion
-phagia
eating swallowing
proct/o
anus and rectum
rect/o
rectum, straight
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
hard palate
the anterior portion of the palate.
This area is covered with specialized mucous membrane.
Rugae are irregular ridges or folds in this
mucous membran
soft palate
is the flexible posterior portion of the
palate. During swallowing, it has the important role of
closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid
from moving upward into the nasal cavity
uvula
is the third part, and it
hangs from the free edge of the soft palate. During
swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate.
It also plays an important role in snoring and in the
formation of some speech sound
dorsum
upper surface of tongue have small bumps (papillae
papillae
have tastebuds
odonti
teeth
gingiva
gums
inscisors canines cuspids
biting and tearing
premolars, molars bicuspids
chewing and grinding
occlusion
as used in dentistry, describes any
contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper
and lower teeth.
crown
portion of tooth visible in th mouth
pylorus
is the narrow passage that
connects the stomach with the small intestine.
Rugae
are the folds in the mucosa lining of
the stomach. These folds allow flexibility of the stomach
increasing and decreasing in size. Glands located
within these folds produce gastric juices
duodenum
is the first portion
of the small intestine. The duodenum extends from the
pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum.
jejunum
which is the middle portion
of the small intestine, extends from the duodenum
to the ileum.
ileum
which is the last and longest
portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum
to the cecum of the large intestine.
sigmoid
shaped like the letter s
cecum
is a pouch that lies on the right
side of the abdomen. It extends from the end of the ileum
to the beginning of the colon.
acessorary organs
of the digestive system are so
named because they play a key role in the digestive
process, but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract
(Figure 8.8). The accessory digestive organs are the liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
liver
The liver removes excess glucose, which is commonly
known as blood sugar, from the bloodstream and
stores it as glycogen. Glycogen is a form of starch that
is stored in the liver. When the blood sugar level is
low, the liver converts glycogen back into glucose and
releases it for use by the body.
Bilirubin
a yellow to green fluid,
commonly known as bile, that is manufactured by the
liver and is necessary for the digestion of fat. Excessive
amounts of bilirubin in the body can lead to jaundice
and other diseases.
bile
which aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive
juice secreted by the liver. Bile travels from the liver
to the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and
stored.
biliary tree
provides the channels
through which bile is transported from the liver to the
small intestine. Biliary means pertaining to bile
gallbladder
is a pear-shaped organ about the size of
an egg located under the liver. It stores and concentrates
bile for later use
cholecyst
gallbladder
Pancreas
The pancreas produces and secretes pancreatic juices
that aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes
and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach
acids. Pancreatic means pertaining to the pancreas
anabolism
is the building up of
body cells and substances from nutrients. Anabolism is
the opposite of catabolism
catabolsim
is the breaking
down of body cells or substances, releasing energy nd carbon dioxide. Catabolism is the opposite of
anabolism.
vili
The mucosa that lines the small intestine is covered
with finger-like projections called villi (VILL-eye)
(singular, villus). Each villus contains blood vessels
and lacteals. The blood vessels absorb nutrients
directly from the digestive system into the bloodstream
for delivery to the cells of the body.
bolus
is a mass of food that has been
chewed and is ready to be swallowed. The term bolus
is also used in relation to the administration of medication
peristalsis
is a series of wave-like contractions of the
smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the
food forward into the digestive system.
chyme
is the semifluid mass of partly digested
food that passes out of the stomach, through the
pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine
emulsification
In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic
juice and bile. The bile breaks apart large fat globules
so enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats.
borborygmus
is the rumbling
noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
Aphthous ulcers
also known as
canker sores or mouth ulcers, are gray-white pits with
a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth.
Although the exact cause is unknown, the appearance
of these very common sores is associated with stress,
certain foods, or fever.
ulcer
is an open lesion of the skin or mucous
membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
cheil
lips
-plakia
plaque
xer/o
dry
bruxism
is the involuntary grinding or
clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep
and is associated with tension or stress. It can also
occur habitually during the day. Bruxism wears away
tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and
injures the temporomandibular joint
edentulous
without teeth
halitosis
bad breath
halit
breath
malocclusion
is any deviation
from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against
the lower teeth.
calculus
hard deposits, such as gallstones or kidney stones, that
form in other parts of the body.
hiat
opening
enter
small intestine
pept
digestion
cachexia
is a condition of physical
wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle
mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as
advanced cancer or AIDS. Although these patients are
eating enough, the wasting happens because their
bodies are unable to absorb the nutrients
pica
is an abnormal craving or appetite for
nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay, that
lasts for at least one month. Pica is not the same as the
short-lasting abnormal food cravings that are sometimes
associated with pregnancy.
eructation
is the act of belching or
raising gas orally from the stomach.
celiac disease
is an inherited autoimmune
disorder, also known as gluten intolerance,
characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing
gluten. Gluten is a class of proteins found in grains
such as wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats. This
disorder damages the villi of the small intestine and
can lead to the failure of the body to absorb these
substances properly.
diverticulum
is a small
pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular
organ such as the colon (plural, diverticula).
intussucept
take up or recive within
steat/o
fat
jaundice
is a yellow discoloration of the
skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes. This condition
is caused by greater-than-normal amounts of
bilirubin in the blood
ascites
is an abnormal accumulation
of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This condition
is usually the result of severe liver disease
serous
substance having a watery consistency
cirrhosis
is a chronic degenerative disease
of the liver characterized by scarring
cirhh
orange or yellow
cholang
bile duct
occult
hidden
proton pump inhibitors
decrease amount of acid roduced by stomach
emet
vomit
anastomosis
is a surgical
connection between two hollow, or tubular, structures
(plural, anastomoses).
choldec/o
common bile duct
cyst
bladder
-pexy
surgical fixation
