Chapter 3 Flashcards
Ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff
Arthr/o
joint
Cost/o
rib
Crani/o
skull
-Desis
to bind, tie together
Kyph/o
bent, hump
Lord/o
curve, swayback, bent
-Lysis
loosening or setting free
Myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
oss/e
oss/I
ost/o
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
curved, bent
spondyl/o
vertebral column, backbone
synovi/o
synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
Red bone marrow
which is located within the spongy
bone, is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red
blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
Calcium
required for normal nerve and muscle function, stored in bones
Joints
work in conjunction with muscles, ligaments, and tendons, making a wide variety of body movements possible
Bones
act as a framework for the body, support and protect internal organs
2nd hardest tissue in the body {only dental enamel is harder}
ossification
A baby’s skeleton begins as fragile membranes and cartilage,
but after three months it starts turning into bone
repairs the minor damage to the skeletal system
that occurs during normal activity and also repairs
bones after injuries such as fractures
osteoclasts
break down old
or damaged bone
osteoblasts
help rebuild bone
Periosteum
is the tough, fibrous
tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
peri-
surrounding
Compact bone
OR
Cortical bone
is the
dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the
protective outer layer of bones.
Spongy bone
OR
Cancellous bone
is lighter
and not as strong as compact bone. This type of
bone is commonly found in the ends and inner portions
of long bones such as the femur. Red bone
marrow is located within this spongy bone
medullary cavity
is the central
cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is
surrounded by compact bone. It is here that red and
yellow bone marrow are stored.
Medullary
pertaining to the inner section
endosteum
is the tissue that
lines the medullary cavity
Hemopoietic
OR
Hematopoietic
means pertaining
to the formation of blood cells (
Yellow bone marrow
functions as a fat storage area. It
is composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the
medullary cavity of long bones.
Cartilage
is the smooth, rubbery,
blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock
absorber between bones. Cartilage, which is more
elastic than bone, also makes up the flexible parts
of the skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of
the nose.
Articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come
together to form joints. This cartilage makes
smooth joint movement possible and protects the
bones from rubbing against each other
Meniscus
is the curved fibrous
cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee
and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw
Diaphysis
is the shaft of a long
bone
Epiphyses
are the wider ends of
long bones such as the femurs of the legs (singular
epiphysis). Each epiphysis is covered with articular
cartilage to protect it.
Proximal epiphyses
is the
end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the
body.
Distal epiphyses
is the end of the bone
located farthest away from the midline of the body.
Foramen
is an opening in a bone
through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments
pass (plural, foramina)
Process
is a normal projection on the surface of a
bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for
a muscle or tendon For example, the mastoid process
is the bony projection located on temporal bones just
behind the ears
Joints
OR
Articulations
place of union between two or more bones
Fibrous joints
consisting of inflexible layers of dense
connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. In
adults these joints, which are also known as sutures, do
not allow any movement
Fontanelles
OR
Soft spots
are normally present on the skull of a
newborn. These flexible soft spots facilitate the passage
of the infant through the birth canal. They also allow
for the growth of the skull during the first year. As the
child matures, and the sutures close, the fontanelles
gradually harden.
Cartilaginous joints
allow only
slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely
by cartilage. {ex where ribs connect to breast bone, allow movement during breathing}
Synovial joints
is created where two
bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. As used
here, the term articulate means to come together
Ball-and-socket joints
such as the hips and
shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many
directions
Hinge joints
such as the knees and elbows, are synovial
joints that allow movement primarily in one
direction or plane
Synovial capsule
is the outermost layer of strong
fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds
the joint.
Synovial membrane
lines the capsule and
secretes synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid
which flows within the synovial cavity,
acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of
the joint possible.
Ligaments
are bands of fibrous tissue
that form joints by connecting one bone to another
bone or by joining a bone to cartilage {knee is made up of a series of ligaments that allow movement in different directions}
Bursa
is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion
to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction,
such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a
tendon passes over a bone (plural, bursae).
Axial skeleton
protects the major organs of the nervous,
respiratory, and circulatory systems. In the human, the axial
skeleton consists of the 80 bones of the head and body
that are organized into five parts. These are (1) the bones of
the skull, (2) the ossicles (bones) of the middle ear, (3) the
hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and
the thyroid, (4) the rib cage, and (5) the vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible
and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion,
and reproduction. In the human, the appendicular skeleton
consists of 126 bones that are organized into: (1) the
upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and
hands) and (2) the lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs,
ankles, and feet).
Appendage
is anything that is attached to a major
part of the body and the term appendicular means referring
to an appendage.
Extremity
is the terminal end of
a body part such as an arm or leg.
Cranium
made up of 8 bones portion of the skull that
encloses and protects the brain
These cranial bones are joined by
jagged fibrous joints that are often referred to as sutures.
Frontal bone
is the anterior portion of the cranium
that forms the forehead. This bone houses the frontal
sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, the
nose and part of the socket that protects the eyeball
Parietal bones
are two of the
largest bones of the skull. Together they form most of
the roof and upper sides of the cranium.
Occipital bone
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
Two Temporal bones
form he sides and base of the cranium
External auditory
is the opening
of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. This
canal is located within the temporal bone on each side of
the skull.
Meatus
external opening of a canal
Sphenoid bone
is an irregular,
wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull. This bone
makes contact with all of the other cranial bones and
helps form the base of the cranium, the sides of the
skull, and the floors and sides of the eye sockets.
Ethmoid bone
is light, spongy bone
located at the roof and sides of the nose. Here it
separates the nasal cavity from the brain, and it also
forms a portion of each orbit.
Orbit
bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball
auditory ossicles
the three tiny bones located in each middle ear {malleus,incus,stapes}
FACE
made up of 14 bones, some of these bones contain air filled cavities known as sinuses {purpose is to lighten the weight of the skull}
Nasal bones
form the upper part of the bridge
of the nose {2}
Zygomatic bones
OR
Cheekbones
also
known as the cheekbones, articulate with the frontal
bone that makes up the forehead. The term articulate
means to join together with. {2}
Maxillary bones
form
most of the upper jaw (singular, maxilla). These bones
are also known as the maxillae.{2}
Palatine bones
form the anterior
(front) part of the hard palate of the mouth and
the floor of the nose. {2}
Lacrimal bones
make up
part of the orbit (socket of the eye) at the inner
angle.
Inferior Conchae
are the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the
interior of the nose (singular, concha).
Vomer bone
forms the base for the
nasal septum.
Nasal septum
cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities
Mandible
OR
Jawbone
is the only movable bone of the skull. The
mandible is attached to the skull at the temporomandibular
joint
Throacic Cavity
OR
Rib cage
is the bony structure that protects the heart
and lungs. It consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion
of the spinal column extending from the neck to the
diaphragm, but not including the arms.
RIBS
OR
Costals
12 pairs of ribs
attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
TRUE ribs (who woudlve thought a rib could be false)
First 7 pairs of ribs, attached anteriorly to the sternum
FALSE ribs (the wrong ribs shame on them)
after the true ribs (the next 3 pairs) they attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them
to the sternum.
FLOATING ribs (these ribs are quite talented)
they are only attached posteriorly to the
vertebrae but are not attached anteriorly.
Sternum
OR
BOOB bone (breast bone)
is a flat, dagger-shaped bone located in
the middle of the chest. By joining with the ribs, it
forms the front of the rib cage. This is divided into three
parts
Manubrium
is the bony
structure that forms the upper portion of the
sternum.
body of the sternum
is the bony structure that
forms the middle portion of the sternum.
Xiphoid process
is the structure made
of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the
sternum.
Pectoral girdle
OR
Shoulder girdle
which supports the arms and hands
Clavicle
OR
Collar bone
is a slender bone that connects the manubrium
of the sternum to the scapula.
Scapula
shoulder blade
Acromion
is an extension
of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder.
Humerus
is the bone of the upper
arm
Radius
is the smaller and shorter
bone in the forearm. The radius runs up the thumb
side of the forearm (plural, radius bones).
Ulna
is the larger and longer bone of the
forearm (plural, ulnae). The proximal end of the ulna
articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the
elbow joint.
Olecranon process
OR
Funny bone
is a large projection
on the upper end of the ulna. This forms the
point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles
when struck.
Carpals
8 that form the wrist These bones form a narrow
bony passage known as the carpal tunnel. The median
nerve and the tendons of the fingers pass through this
tunnel to reach the hand.
Metacarpals
5 bones that form the palm of the hand
Phalanges
14 bones of the fingers
each of the 4 fingers has 3 bones
Spinal column
OR
Vertebral Column
protects the spinal cord and supports the head
and body. The spinal column consists of 26 vertebrae
Body of the vertebrae
anterior portion of the vertebrae
Lamina
posterior portion of the vertebraeThe transverse
and spinous processes extend from this area and
serve as attachments for muscles and tendons.
Vertebral foramen
is the opening in the middle of
the vertebra. This opening allows the spinal cord to
pass through and to protect the spinal cord
Intervertebral disks
which are
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae
from each other. They also act as shock absorbers
and allow for movement of the spinal column
Cervical
pertaining to neck
cervical vertebrae
are the first set of
7 vertebrae, and they form the neck.
thoracic vertebrae
known as
T1 through T12, are the second set of 12 vertebrae Each of these vertebra has a pair of ribs attached to it,
and together they form the outward curve of the spine.
Thoracic means pertaining to the thoracic cavity.
Lumbar vertebrae
known as L1
through L5, make up the third set of 5 vertebrae, and
together they form the inward curve of the lower
spine. These are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae,
and they bear most of the body’s weight.
Lumbar
means relating to the part of the back and
sides between the ribs and the pelvis
Sacrum
is the slightly curved,
triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that
forms the lower portion of the back. At birth, the sacrum
is composed of five separate bones; however in the
young child, they fuse together to form a single bone
Coccyx
OR
Tailbone
forms the end of the spine and is actually made
up of four small vertebrae that are fused together.
Pelvic girdle OR Pelvis OR Hips
protects internal organs and supports
the lower extremities.
The pelvis is a cup-shaped ring of bone at the
lower end of the trunk, and it consists of the ilium,
ischium, and pubis
Ilium
is the broad blade-shaped
bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
Sacroiliac
is the slightly
movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior
portion of the ilium
sacr/o
sacrum
Ischium
which forms the lower
posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight
of the body when sitting.
Pubis
which forms the anterior portion of
the pubic bone, is located just below the urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that
unites the left and right pubic bones. A cartilaginous
joint allows slight movement between bones.
Acetabulum
OR
Hip socket
is the large circular cavity in each side of
the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to
form the hip joint
Femur
OR
Thigh bones
largest bones in the body
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
(hip socket).
Femoral neck
is the narrow area just below the
head of the femur.
Patella
OR
Kneecap
is the bony anterior portion of the knee.
Popliteal
describes the posterior
space behind the knee where the ligaments,
vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
Cruciate ligaments
make possible the movements of
the knee. These are known as the anterior and posterior
cruciate ligaments because they are shaped like a
cross.
Tibia
OR
Shinbone
is
the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
Fibula
smaller of the two bones in the lower leg
Tarsal
seven short ones make up the ankles {similar to the bones of the wrist}
Malleous
is a rounded bony
projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each
ankle joint (plural, malleoli).
Talus
is the ankle bone that
articulates with the tibia and fibula
Calcaneus
OR
Heel bone
largest of the tarsal bones
Metatarsals
five make up the part of the foot where the toes are attached
Chiropractor
holds a Doctor
of Chiropractic (DC) degree and specializes in the
manipulative treatment of disorders originating from
misalignment of the spine
Manipulative treatment
involves manually adjusting the positions of the bones
orthopedic surgeon
is a physician who specializes
in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders
involving the bones, joints, and muscles
osteopath
holds a Doctor of
Osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms
of medical treatment in addition to specializing in
treating health problems by spinal manipulation
Podiatrist
holds a Doctor of
Podiatry (DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM)
degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders
of the foot
Pod-
foot
-Iatrist
specialist
Rheumatologist
is a physician
who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of
arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia,
and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation
in the joints and connective tissues.
Ankylosis
is the loss or absence of
mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical
procedure
Arthrosclerosis
is stiffness
of the joints, especially in the elderly
Bursitis
is an inflammation of a bursa
Chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
Chondroma
tumor derived from cartilage cells
Costochronditis
is an
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the
sternum
Hallux valgus
OR
Bunion
is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the
base of the great toe (hallux means big toe, and valgus
means bent).
valgus
bent
hallux
big toe
Hemarthrosis
is blood withinThis
condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It
also can occur spontaneously in patients taking
blood-thinning medications or those having a blood
clotting disorder such as hemophilia
a joint
Polymyalgia rheumatica
is a geriatric inflammatory disorder of
the muscles and joints characterized by pain and
stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips
and thighs
Rheumatism
an obsolete term for arthritis and other
disorders causing pain in the joints and supporting
tissue.
Sprain
when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn
Synovitis
is inflammation of the
synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of
the affected joint
This condition can be
caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation
produced by damaged cartilage.
Luxation
OR
Dislocation
is the total displacement of a bone from its joint
Subluxation
is the partial
displacement of a bone from its joint.
Osteoarthritis
OR
Wear and tear arthritis
OA is known as a degenerative joint disease because it
is characterized by the wearing away of the articular
cartilage within the joints. Degenerative means the
breaking down or impairment of a body part.
n It is also characterized by hypertrophy of bone and the
formation of osteophytes (OSS-tee-oh-fites), also
known as bone spurs
osteophytes
bone spurs
Spondylosis
OR
Spinal osteoarthritis
This degenerative disorder can
cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
Gouty arthritis
characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints
Uric acid
is a by-product that is normally
excreted by the kidneys. Gout develops when
excess uric acid, which is present in the blood, forms
crystals in the joints of the feet and legs.
Herniated disk OR Slipped OR Ruptured disk
is the breaking apart of an
intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal
nerve roots
Lumbago
OR
Lower back pain
pain in the lumbar region of the spine
Spondyl/o
vertebrae
-listhesis
slipping
spina bifida
congenital birth defect, occurs when spinal cord fails to close completely around spinal cord
spina
pertaining to spine
bifida
split
kyph
hump
kyphosis
is an abnormal increase in the
outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed
from the side
lord
bent backward
scoli
curved
Fibrous dysplasia
is a bone disorder
of unknown cause that destroys normal bone
structure and replaces it with fibrous (scarlike) tissue.
This leads to uneven growth, brittleness, and deformity
of the affected bones.
osteomyelitis
is an
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
talipes
clubfoot
Primary bone cancer
is a relatively rare malignant
tumor that originates in a bone
Secondary bone cancer
describes tumors that
have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs
such as the breasts and lungs.
-penia
deficiency
Compression fracture
also known as a vertebral
crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed
together (compressed) on itself. These fractures are
sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of
weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury. This
results in pain, loss of height, and development of the
spinal curvature known as dowager’s hump.
closed fracture
is one in which the bone is broken,
but there is no open wound in the skin
open fracture
is one in which the bone is broken and there is
an open wound in the skin
Comminuted fracture
is one in
which the bone is splintered or crushed. Comminuted
means crushed into small pieces.
oblique fracture
at an angle across a bone
pathological fracture
weakened bone breaks under normal strain
spiral fracture
bone has been twisted apart
stress fracture
which is an overuse injury, is a small
crack in the bone
Transverse fracture
straight across the bone
-desis
bind, tie together
-lysis
loosening or setting free
OR
breaking down or destruction
-clasis
break
Percutaneous
performed through the skin
Crepitation
is the grating sound heard when the ends of a
broken bone move together. This term also describes
the crackling sound heard in lungs affected with
pneumonia and the clicking sound heard in the
movements of some joints.
embolus
is any
foreign matter circulating in the blood that can
become lodged and block the blood vessel
