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HOSA- Medical Terminology 2016 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the structures of the body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

study of the function of the structures of the body

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3
Q

Anatomic position

A

Describes the body standing in standard position (standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward, holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned so that the palms face forward the front)

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4
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

divides body into equal left/right halves

“midline” saggital plane

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5
Q

Transverse plane

A

superior (upper) and inferior (lower) can be at the waist or any other level across the body

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6
Q

Frontal plane

A

anterior (front) and posterior (back) “coronal plane” located at right angles to sagittal plane

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7
Q

Sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

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8
Q

Ventral

A

front, belly side of the organ or body {opposite of dorsal}

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9
Q

Dorsal

A

back side of the organ or body {opposite of ventral}

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10
Q

Superior

A

uppermost, above toward the head {ex. lungs are located superior to the diaphragm} [opposite of dorsal]

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11
Q

Inferior

A

lowermost, below, or toward the feet {ex. stomach is located inferior to the diaphragm} [opposite to superior]

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12
Q

Cephalic

A

towards the head {opposite to caudal}

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13
Q

Cephal

A

head

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14
Q

Caudal

A

towards the lower part of the body {opposite of cephalic}

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15
Q

Caud

A

tail, or lower part of the body

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16
Q

Proximal

A

situated nearest to the midline or beginning of a body structure {ex. proximal end of the humerus -(bone of the upper arm) forms part of the shoulder [opposite of distal]

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17
Q

Distal

A

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure {ex. distal end of the humerus forms part of the elbow} [opposite of proximal]

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18
Q

Medial

A

direction toward or nearer the midline {ex. medial ligament of the knee is near the surface of the leg} [opposite of lateral]

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19
Q

Lateral

A

direction nearer to the side of the body away from the midline {ex. lateral ligament of the knee is near the side of the leg} [opposite of medial]

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20
Q

Bilateral

A

relating to or having two sides

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21
Q

Anterior

A

situated in front, front or forward part of an organ {ex. stomach is located anterior of pancreas} [opposite of posterior]

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22
Q

Posterior

A

situated in the back, back part of an organ {ex. pancreas is posterior to stomach} [opposite of anterior]

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23
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

along the back of the body and head contains organs in the nervous system that coordinate body functions (2 portions - cranial cavity and spinal cavity)

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24
Q

Cranial cavity

A

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

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25
Q

Cranium

A

skull

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26
Q

Spinal cavity

A

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

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27
Q

Ventral cavity

A

located in the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis

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28
Q

Homeostasis

A

process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

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29
Q

Home/o

A

constant

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30
Q

-Stasis

A

control

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31
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity or thorax, surrounds/protects the heart and lungs. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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32
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

contains primarily the organs of digestion (abdomen)

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33
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

space formed by the hipbones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems (no physical divisions between the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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34
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

refers to a the two as a single unit

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35
Q

Inguinal

A

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. Includes the groin, the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh

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36
Q

Right/Left Hypochondriac regions

A

covered by the lower ribs

term also describes an individual with an abnormal concern about their health

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37
Q

-Chondri

A

cartilage

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38
Q

Epigastric region

A

located above the stomach

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39
Q

Epi-

A

above

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40
Q

Right/Left Lumbar regions

A

located near the inward curve of the spine

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41
Q

Lumb-

A

lower back

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42
Q

Lumbar

A

describes the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis

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43
Q

Umbilical region

A

surrounds the umbilicus. Pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth

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44
Q

Umbilicus

A

belly button/naval

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45
Q

Right/Left Iliac region

A

located over the hipbones

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46
Q

Hypogastric region

A

located below the stomach

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47
Q

RUQ

A

right upper quadrant (abdomen)

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48
Q

LUQ

A

left upper quadrant (abdomen)

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49
Q

RLQ

A

right lower quadrant (abdomen)

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50
Q

LLQ

A

left lower quadrant (abdomen)

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51
Q

Peritoneum

A

multilayered membrane that protects and holds organs in place within the abdominal cavity

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52
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal cavity

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53
Q

Parietal

A

cavity wall

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54
Q

Mesentery

A

fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that’s attaches part of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

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55
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

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56
Q

Visceral

A

relating to internal organs

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57
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

located behind the peritoneum {ex. location of the kidneys is retroperitoneal with one on each side of the spinal cord}

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58
Q

Retro-

A

behind

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59
Q

Periton-

A

Peritoneal

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60
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneal

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61
Q

Cell membrane

A

tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating it from its external environment

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62
Q

Stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for a long time through cell division. (In contrast to other cells that have specialized roles and die after a determined lifespan)

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63
Q

Adult (somatic) stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells found amongst differentiated cells in an organ or tissue (role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found)

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64
Q

Undifferentiated

A

no special function or structure

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65
Q

Differentiated

A

specialized function or structure

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66
Q

Hemopoietic

A

blood forming tissue of a donors bone marrow (where the cells are harvested when they are being transplanted from one individual to another)

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67
Q

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

A

possibility of rejection of transplanted tissue known as this (occurs when there is not an excellent match between donor and recipient)

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68
Q

Embryonic Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells, ability to form any adult cell

  • Proliferate indefinitely
  • does not require a perfect donor recipient match (cells are more primitive)
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69
Q

Cord blood

A

found in umbilical cord and placenta of newborn, embryonic cells harvested from cord blood {harvested at time of birth with no harm to mother or child, frozen and kept until later for treatment purposes}

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70
Q

Gene

A

fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity (control hereditary disorders, all physical traits- hair, skin, eye colour)

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71
Q

Genetics

A

study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children + role of genes in health and disease

72
Q

Gene

A

producing

73
Q

Dominant gene

A

inherited from either parent, the offspring WILL inherit that genetic condition or characteristic {ex. freckles}

74
Q

Recessive gene

A

when the SAME recessive gene is inherited from both parents, the offspring WILL have that condition

when the recessive gene is inherited from only one parent and a normal gene from the other parent the offspring WILL NOT have the condition

Although the child themselves does not have the condition, they have the trait. The trait can then be transmitted to their offspring

75
Q

Genome

A

complete set of genetic information of an organism

76
Q

Chromosomes

A

genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell

made up of DNA molecules containing the body’s genes {each chromosome contains about 100 000 genes}

77
Q

Somatic cell

A

any cell in the body that is not a gamete
contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs
22 identical pairs 9the 23rd is the sex determination chromosome)

78
Q

Somatic

A

pertaining to the body in general

79
Q

Gamete

A

only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes.

Instead each ovum or sperm has 23 single chromosomes

80
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid found in the nucleus of all cells EXCEPT erythrocytes {because they do not have a nucleus}

81
Q

Genetic mutation

A

change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

82
Q

Somatic cell mutation

A

change within the cells of the body. Affect the individual but CANNOT be transmitted to the next generation

83
Q

Gametic cell mutation

A

change within the genes in a gamete CAN be transmitted by a parent to their children

84
Q

Genetic engineering

A

manipulating or splicing of gene for scientific or medical purposes

85
Q

Genetic disorder OR

Hereditary disorder

A

pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

some are obvious at birth while others will manifest at any time in life

86
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

congenital disorder affects both respiratory and digestive systems

87
Q

Down syndrome

A

genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease

88
Q

Hemophilia

A

group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury

89
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

genetic disorder passed from parent to child
each child of a parent with Huntington’s disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting this defective gene
Causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear midlife
May result in uncontrollable movements and loss of some mental abilities

90
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing.
Can be detected by a blood test at birth, with careful dietary supervision, children with PKU can lead normal lives
without early detection it can cause severe mental retardation.

91
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain
(*Both parents must carry the mutated gene to have an affected child)
Most common form of the disease affect babies who appear healthy t birth and develop normally for the first few months
Development then slows and a relentless deterioration of mental and physical disabilities results in progressive blindness, paralysis, and early death

92
Q

Tissue

A

group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

93
Q

Hist-

A

tissue

94
Q

Four main types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve

95
Q

-Trophy

A

development

96
Q

Ana-

A

backward

97
Q

-Plasia

A

formation

98
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
these tissues also form glands

99
Q

Epithelium

A

specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

100
Q

Endothelium

A

specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

101
Q

Connective tissues

A

supports and connects organs and other body tissues (4 kinds)

102
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

form the joints and frameworks of the body {ex. bone and cartilage}

103
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that involve movement

104
Q

Adipose tissue

A

FAT provides protective padding, insulation, and support

105
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

surrounds various organs and supports bother nerve cells and blood vessels

106
Q

Liquid connective tissue

A

transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body {ex. lymph, blood}

107
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

108
Q

Nerve tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

109
Q

Aplasia

A

defective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue

110
Q

Hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in a number of cells

111
Q

Anaplasia

A

change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
this abnormal cell development is characteristic to tumor formation in cancers

112
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or, organs

113
Q

Hyperplasia

A

enlargement of a tissue or organ because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissue

114
Q

Hypertrophy

A

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in size but not number of cells in the tissue {non tumor forming]

115
Q

Glands

A

group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

116
Q

Secretion

A

substance produced by a gland

117
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body {ex. sweat glands}

118
Q

Endocrine glands

A

produces hormones, do not have ducts.

these hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, then transported to organs and structures throughout the body

119
Q

Exo-

A

out

120
Q

Endo-

A

within

121
Q

Aden-

A

gland

122
Q

Adenitis

A

inflammation of a gland

123
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

124
Q

Carcin

A

cancer

125
Q

-Oma

A

tumor

126
Q

Malignant

A

harmful (capable of spreading/potentially life threatening)

127
Q

Benign

A

not life threatening

128
Q

Adenoma

A

benign tumor that arises to represent glandular tissue

129
Q

Adenomalacia

A

abnormal softening of a gland

130
Q

Adenosclerosis

A

abnormal hardening of a gland

131
Q

Adenectomy

A

surgical removal of a gland

132
Q

Pathology

A

study of disease, the nature, the cause, as well as the produced changes in structures and function
also
condition produced by a disease

133
Q

Path/o -Pathy

A

disease
ALSO
suffering, feeling, and emotion
{ex. empathy}

134
Q

Pathologist

A

specialized in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis.
These tissue specimens can be removed in biopsies, during operation or in post mortem examinations

135
Q

Etiology

A

study of the causes of disease

136
Q

Eti-

A

cause

137
Q

Pathogen

A

disease producing microorganism such as a virus

138
Q

Transmission

A

spread of disease

139
Q

Contamination

A

pathogen is possibly present

occurs through lack of proper hygiene standards or by failure to take appropriate infection control precautions

140
Q

Communicable disease

A

also known as a contagious disease, is any condition
that is transmitted from one person to another either
by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated
objects

141
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface

142
Q

Blood borne transmission

A

spread of disease through contact with blood or other fluids that are in contact with blood {Ex. HIV, Hepatitis B + most STI’s}

143
Q

Airborne transmission

A

contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or a sneeze

144
Q

Food borne and Water borne transmission
OR
Fecal-Oral transmission

A

caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contaminations or remove any pathogens present

145
Q

Vector borne transmission

A

spread of certain diseases due to a bite of a vector

146
Q

Vector

A

describes insects or animals such as flies, mites., fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs capable of transmitting a disease. {mosquitos are most common}

147
Q

Epidemiologist

A

specialist in the study of outbreaks and disease within a population group

148
Q

Dem/i

A

population

149
Q

En-

A

within

150
Q

Endemic

A

refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population group or area {ex. common cold is endemic because it is always present within the general population}

151
Q

Epidemic

A

sudden wide spread outbreak of a disease within a specific population, group, or area {ex. sudden widespread outbreak of measles}

152
Q

Pandemic

A

an outbreak of disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide {ex. worldwide spread of AIDS [acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]}

153
Q

Functional disorder

A

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified {ex. panic attack}

154
Q

Iatrogenic illness

A

an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment {ex. severe burns resulting from radiation therapy are iatrogenic}

155
Q

Idiopathic disorder

A

an illness without a known cause

156
Q

Idi/o

A

peculiar to the individual

157
Q

Idiopathic

A

without a known cause

158
Q

Infectious disease

A

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

159
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting {ex. MRSA infections are often spread in hospitals

160
Q

Nosocomial

A

greek word for hospital

161
Q

Organic disorder

A

produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body {ex. chickenpox, which has a characteristic rash, is an organic disorder caused by a virus}

162
Q

Congenital disorder

A

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth {can be caused by a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during the birthing process}

163
Q

Congenital

A

existing at birth

164
Q

Developmental disorders

A

“birth defect” can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe

165
Q

Anomaly

A

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

166
Q

Atresia

A

describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular {ex. anal atresia is the congenital absence of the opening of the bottom end of the anus, pulmonary atresia is the absence of the pulmonary valve}

167
Q

Prenatal influences

A

a mothers health, behaviour, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery.

168
Q

Problem with a mothers health (prenatal influence)

A

Rubella infection

birth defects often occur if a woman contracts this infection earl on in her pregnancy

169
Q

Problem caused by a mothers behaviour (prenatal influence)

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) caused by a mothers consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy
results are characterized by physical and behavioural traits
growth abnormalities, brain damage, mental retardation and socialization difficulties

170
Q

Problem caused by lack of prenatal care (prenatal influences)

A

premature delivery, low birth weight baby

171
Q

Premature birth

A

a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development,
can cause serious health problems because the baby’s body systems have not had the time to form completely
breathing difficulties and heart problems are common

172
Q

Birth injuries

A

congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth {ex. cerebral palsy, result of brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birthing process}

173
Q

General practitioner (GP)
OR
family practice physician

A

provides ongoing care for patients of all ages

174
Q

Internist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders and diseases of internal organs and related body systems

175
Q

Pediatrician

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of children and infants

176
Q

Geriatrician
OR
Gerontologist

A

physician who specializes in the care of older people

177
Q

Hospitalist

A

focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients

HOSA- Medical Terminology 2016 (14 decks)

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