Chapter 2 Flashcards
Anatomy
study of the structures of the body
Physiology
study of the function of the structures of the body
Anatomic position
Describes the body standing in standard position (standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward, holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned so that the palms face forward the front)
Midsagittal plane
divides body into equal left/right halves
“midline” saggital plane
Transverse plane
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) can be at the waist or any other level across the body
Frontal plane
anterior (front) and posterior (back) “coronal plane” located at right angles to sagittal plane
Sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
Ventral
front, belly side of the organ or body {opposite of dorsal}
Dorsal
back side of the organ or body {opposite of ventral}
Superior
uppermost, above toward the head {ex. lungs are located superior to the diaphragm} [opposite of dorsal]
Inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet {ex. stomach is located inferior to the diaphragm} [opposite to superior]
Cephalic
towards the head {opposite to caudal}
Cephal
head
Caudal
towards the lower part of the body {opposite of cephalic}
Caud
tail, or lower part of the body
Proximal
situated nearest to the midline or beginning of a body structure {ex. proximal end of the humerus -(bone of the upper arm) forms part of the shoulder [opposite of distal]
Distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure {ex. distal end of the humerus forms part of the elbow} [opposite of proximal]
Medial
direction toward or nearer the midline {ex. medial ligament of the knee is near the surface of the leg} [opposite of lateral]
Lateral
direction nearer to the side of the body away from the midline {ex. lateral ligament of the knee is near the side of the leg} [opposite of medial]
Bilateral
relating to or having two sides
Anterior
situated in front, front or forward part of an organ {ex. stomach is located anterior of pancreas} [opposite of posterior]
Posterior
situated in the back, back part of an organ {ex. pancreas is posterior to stomach} [opposite of anterior]
Dorsal cavity
along the back of the body and head contains organs in the nervous system that coordinate body functions (2 portions - cranial cavity and spinal cavity)
Cranial cavity
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
Cranium
skull
Spinal cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
Ventral cavity
located in the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis
Homeostasis
process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
Home/o
constant
-Stasis
control
Thoracic cavity
chest cavity or thorax, surrounds/protects the heart and lungs. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Abdominal cavity
contains primarily the organs of digestion (abdomen)
Pelvic cavity
space formed by the hipbones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems (no physical divisions between the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity
refers to a the two as a single unit
Inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. Includes the groin, the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
Right/Left Hypochondriac regions
covered by the lower ribs
term also describes an individual with an abnormal concern about their health
-Chondri
cartilage
Epigastric region
located above the stomach
Epi-
above
Right/Left Lumbar regions
located near the inward curve of the spine
Lumb-
lower back
Lumbar
describes the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis
Umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus. Pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth
Umbilicus
belly button/naval
Right/Left Iliac region
located over the hipbones
Hypogastric region
located below the stomach
RUQ
right upper quadrant (abdomen)
LUQ
left upper quadrant (abdomen)
RLQ
right lower quadrant (abdomen)
LLQ
left lower quadrant (abdomen)
Peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects and holds organs in place within the abdominal cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal cavity
Parietal
cavity wall
Mesentery
fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that’s attaches part of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
Visceral Peritoneum
Inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
Visceral
relating to internal organs
Retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum {ex. location of the kidneys is retroperitoneal with one on each side of the spinal cord}
Retro-
behind
Periton-
Peritoneal
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneal
Cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating it from its external environment
Stem cells
unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for a long time through cell division. (In contrast to other cells that have specialized roles and die after a determined lifespan)
Adult (somatic) stem cells
undifferentiated cells found amongst differentiated cells in an organ or tissue (role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found)
Undifferentiated
no special function or structure
Differentiated
specialized function or structure
Hemopoietic
blood forming tissue of a donors bone marrow (where the cells are harvested when they are being transplanted from one individual to another)
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
possibility of rejection of transplanted tissue known as this (occurs when there is not an excellent match between donor and recipient)
Embryonic Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells, ability to form any adult cell
- Proliferate indefinitely
- does not require a perfect donor recipient match (cells are more primitive)
Cord blood
found in umbilical cord and placenta of newborn, embryonic cells harvested from cord blood {harvested at time of birth with no harm to mother or child, frozen and kept until later for treatment purposes}
Gene
fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity (control hereditary disorders, all physical traits- hair, skin, eye colour)
Genetics
study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children + role of genes in health and disease
Gene
producing
Dominant gene
inherited from either parent, the offspring WILL inherit that genetic condition or characteristic {ex. freckles}
Recessive gene
when the SAME recessive gene is inherited from both parents, the offspring WILL have that condition
when the recessive gene is inherited from only one parent and a normal gene from the other parent the offspring WILL NOT have the condition
Although the child themselves does not have the condition, they have the trait. The trait can then be transmitted to their offspring
Genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
Chromosomes
genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
made up of DNA molecules containing the body’s genes {each chromosome contains about 100 000 genes}
Somatic cell
any cell in the body that is not a gamete
contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs
22 identical pairs 9the 23rd is the sex determination chromosome)
Somatic
pertaining to the body in general
Gamete
only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes.
Instead each ovum or sperm has 23 single chromosomes
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid found in the nucleus of all cells EXCEPT erythrocytes {because they do not have a nucleus}
Genetic mutation
change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
Somatic cell mutation
change within the cells of the body. Affect the individual but CANNOT be transmitted to the next generation
Gametic cell mutation
change within the genes in a gamete CAN be transmitted by a parent to their children
Genetic engineering
manipulating or splicing of gene for scientific or medical purposes
Genetic disorder OR
Hereditary disorder
pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
some are obvious at birth while others will manifest at any time in life
Cystic fibrosis
congenital disorder affects both respiratory and digestive systems
Down syndrome
genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
Hemophilia
group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury
Huntington’s disease
genetic disorder passed from parent to child
each child of a parent with Huntington’s disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting this defective gene
Causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear midlife
May result in uncontrollable movements and loss of some mental abilities
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing.
Can be detected by a blood test at birth, with careful dietary supervision, children with PKU can lead normal lives
without early detection it can cause severe mental retardation.
Tay-Sachs disease
fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain
(*Both parents must carry the mutated gene to have an affected child)
Most common form of the disease affect babies who appear healthy t birth and develop normally for the first few months
Development then slows and a relentless deterioration of mental and physical disabilities results in progressive blindness, paralysis, and early death
Tissue
group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
Hist-
tissue
Four main types of tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve
-Trophy
development
Ana-
backward
-Plasia
formation
Epithelial tissues
protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
these tissues also form glands
Epithelium
specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
Endothelium
specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
Connective tissues
supports and connects organs and other body tissues (4 kinds)
Dense connective tissues
form the joints and frameworks of the body {ex. bone and cartilage}
Muscular dystrophy
group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that involve movement
Adipose tissue
FAT provides protective padding, insulation, and support
Loose connective tissue
surrounds various organs and supports bother nerve cells and blood vessels
Liquid connective tissue
transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body {ex. lymph, blood}
Muscle tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
Nerve tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
Aplasia
defective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue
Hypoplasia
incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in a number of cells
Anaplasia
change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
this abnormal cell development is characteristic to tumor formation in cancers
Dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or, organs
Hyperplasia
enlargement of a tissue or organ because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissue
Hypertrophy
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in size but not number of cells in the tissue {non tumor forming]
Glands
group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
Secretion
substance produced by a gland
Exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body {ex. sweat glands}
Endocrine glands
produces hormones, do not have ducts.
these hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, then transported to organs and structures throughout the body
Exo-
out
Endo-
within
Aden-
gland
Adenitis
inflammation of a gland
Adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
Carcin
cancer
-Oma
tumor
Malignant
harmful (capable of spreading/potentially life threatening)
Benign
not life threatening
Adenoma
benign tumor that arises to represent glandular tissue
Adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
Adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
Adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
Pathology
study of disease, the nature, the cause, as well as the produced changes in structures and function
also
condition produced by a disease
Path/o -Pathy
disease
ALSO
suffering, feeling, and emotion
{ex. empathy}
Pathologist
specialized in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis.
These tissue specimens can be removed in biopsies, during operation or in post mortem examinations
Etiology
study of the causes of disease
Eti-
cause
Pathogen
disease producing microorganism such as a virus
Transmission
spread of disease
Contamination
pathogen is possibly present
occurs through lack of proper hygiene standards or by failure to take appropriate infection control precautions
Communicable disease
also known as a contagious disease, is any condition
that is transmitted from one person to another either
by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated
objects
Indirect contact transmission
refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
Blood borne transmission
spread of disease through contact with blood or other fluids that are in contact with blood {Ex. HIV, Hepatitis B + most STI’s}
Airborne transmission
contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or a sneeze
Food borne and Water borne transmission
OR
Fecal-Oral transmission
caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contaminations or remove any pathogens present
Vector borne transmission
spread of certain diseases due to a bite of a vector
Vector
describes insects or animals such as flies, mites., fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs capable of transmitting a disease. {mosquitos are most common}
Epidemiologist
specialist in the study of outbreaks and disease within a population group
Dem/i
population
En-
within
Endemic
refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population group or area {ex. common cold is endemic because it is always present within the general population}
Epidemic
sudden wide spread outbreak of a disease within a specific population, group, or area {ex. sudden widespread outbreak of measles}
Pandemic
an outbreak of disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide {ex. worldwide spread of AIDS [acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]}
Functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified {ex. panic attack}
Iatrogenic illness
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment {ex. severe burns resulting from radiation therapy are iatrogenic}
Idiopathic disorder
an illness without a known cause
Idi/o
peculiar to the individual
Idiopathic
without a known cause
Infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
Nosocomial infection
disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting {ex. MRSA infections are often spread in hospitals
Nosocomial
greek word for hospital
Organic disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body {ex. chickenpox, which has a characteristic rash, is an organic disorder caused by a virus}
Congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth {can be caused by a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during the birthing process}
Congenital
existing at birth
Developmental disorders
“birth defect” can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
Anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
Atresia
describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular {ex. anal atresia is the congenital absence of the opening of the bottom end of the anus, pulmonary atresia is the absence of the pulmonary valve}
Prenatal influences
a mothers health, behaviour, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery.
Problem with a mothers health (prenatal influence)
Rubella infection
birth defects often occur if a woman contracts this infection earl on in her pregnancy
Problem caused by a mothers behaviour (prenatal influence)
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) caused by a mothers consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy
results are characterized by physical and behavioural traits
growth abnormalities, brain damage, mental retardation and socialization difficulties
Problem caused by lack of prenatal care (prenatal influences)
premature delivery, low birth weight baby
Premature birth
a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development,
can cause serious health problems because the baby’s body systems have not had the time to form completely
breathing difficulties and heart problems are common
Birth injuries
congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth {ex. cerebral palsy, result of brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birthing process}
General practitioner (GP)
OR
family practice physician
provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
Internist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders and diseases of internal organs and related body systems
Pediatrician
physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of children and infants
Geriatrician
OR
Gerontologist
physician who specializes in the care of older people
Hospitalist
focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
