Chapter 7

Question 1

bronch/o bronchi/o

Answer 1

bronchial tube, bronchus

Question 2

laryng/o

Answer 2

larynx throat

Question 3

ox/i, ox/o, ox/y

Answer 3

oxyegn

Question 4

pharyng/o

Answer 4

throat pharynx

Question 5

phon/o

Answer 5

sound, voice

Question 6

pleur/o

Answer 6

peura, side of body

Question 7

-pnea

Answer 7

breathing

Question 8

pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu

Answer 8

lung air

Question 9

pulm/o, pulmon/o

Answer 9

lung

Question 10

sinus/o

Answer 10

sinus

Question 11

somn/o

Answer 11

sleep

Question 12

spir/o

Answer 12

to breathe

Question 13

thorac/o, -thorax

Answer 13

chest, pleural cavity

Question 14

trache/o, trachea

Answer 14

windpipe

Question 15

olfactory receptors

Answer 15

are nerve
endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell.
They are also important to the sense of taste. These
receptors are located in the mucous membrane in the
upper part of the nasal cavity.

Question 16

paranasal sinuses

Answer 16

The functions of these sinuses are (1) to make the
bones of the skull lighter, (2) to help produce sound by
giving resonance to the voice, and (3) to produce mucus
to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity.
The sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via short
ducts. The four pairs of paranasal sinuses are located on
either side of the nose and are named for the bones in
which they are located.

Question 17

sinus

Answer 17

can be a sac or cavity in any organ
or tissue; however, the term sinus most commonly refers
to the paranasal sinuses

Question 18

sphenoid sinuses

Answer 18

which are located in the sphenoid
bone behind the eye and under the pituitary
gland, are close to the optic nerves, and an infection
here can damage vision.

Question 19

ethmoid sinuses

Answer 19

which are located in the ethmoid
bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly
shaped air cells that are separated from the
orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone.

Question 20

larynx

Answer 20

also known as the voice box, is a
triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the
trachea
The larynx is protected and supported by a series of
nine separate cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is the
largest, and when enlarged it projects from the front of
the throat and is commonly known as the Adam’s
apple.
n The larynx contains the vocal cords. During breathing,
the cords are separated to let air pass. During speech,
they close together, and sound is produced as air is
expelled from the lungs, causing the cords to vibrate
against each other.

Question 21

pharynx

Answer 21

which is commonly known as
the throat, receives the air after it passes through the
nose or mouth, as well as food. (Its role in the digestive
system is discussed in Chapter 8.)
The pharynx is made up of three divisions

Question 22

or/o

Answer 22

mouth

Question 23

soft palate

Answer 23

which is the muscular posterior portion
of the roof of the mouth, moves up and backward during
swallowing to close off the nasopharynx. This prevents
food or liquid from going up into the nos

Question 24

epiglottis

Answer 24

which is a lid-like structure located at the base of the
tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx
so that food does not enter the trachea and
the lungs.

Question 25

bronchi

Answer 25

are two large tubes, also
known as primary bronchi, which branch out from the
trachea and convey air into the two lungs (singular, bronchus,
pronounced BRONG-kus). Because of the similarity
of these structures to an inverted tree, this is referred to
as the bronchial tree (Figures 7.1 and 7.4).
n Within the lung, each primary bronchus divides and
subdivides into increasingly smaller bronchioles
(BRONG-kee-ohlz), which are the smallest branches of
the bronchi.

Question 26

alveoli

Answer 26

also known as air sacs, are the
very small grapelike clusters found at the end of each
bronchiole (singular, alveolus, pronounced al-VEEoh-
lus). The alveoli are where the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide takes place. Each lung contains millions
of alveoli (Figures 7.1 and 7.4).
n During respiration, the alveoli are filled with air from
the bronchioles.
n A network of microscopic pulmonary capillaries surrounds
the alveoli.

Question 27

surfactant

Answer 27

which reduces the surface tension of
the fluid in the lungs. This makes the alveoli more
stable so they do not collapse when an individual
exhales. Premature babies often lack adequate
surfactant.

Question 28

right lung

Answer 28

is larger and has three lobes: the
upper, middle, and lower (or superior, middle, and
inferior).

Question 29

left lung

Answer 29

has only two lobes, the upper and lower,
due to space restrictions because the heart is located
on that side of the body.

Question 30

mediastinum

Answer 30

is the middle
section of the chest cavity and is located between the
lungs. This cavity contains connective tissue and organs,
including the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus,
trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph
nodes

Question 31

pleura

Answer 31

is a thin, moist, and slippery
membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs
and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

Question 32

phrenic nerves

Answer 32

stimulate the diaphragm

and cause it to contract

Question 33

spasm

Answer 33

involuntary contraction

Question 34

rhin/o

Answer 34

nose

Question 35

diptheria

Answer 35

is an acute bacterial
infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract.
The diphtheria bacteria produce toxins that can
damage the heart muscle and peripheral nerves

Question 36

pertussis

Answer 36

whooping cough

Question 37

croup

Answer 37

acute respiratory infectionin children and infants characterized by obstruction
of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around
the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough
and stridor

Question 38

stridor

Answer 38

is a harsh, high-pitched
sound caused by a blockage present when
breathing in.

Question 39

aphonia

Answer 39

is the loss of the ability

of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

Question 40

dysphonia

Answer 40

is difficulty in speaking,
which may include any impairment in vocal quality,
including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a
boy’s voice during puberty

Question 41

pleurodynia

Answer 41

is a sharp pain
that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against
each other with each inhalation

Question 42

effusion

Answer 42

is the escape of fluid
from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into
a body cavity

Question 43

empyema

Answer 43

refers to a collection of

pus in a body cavity.

Question 44

-ectasis

Answer 44

stretching or enlargement

Question 45

sepsis

Answer 45

systematic bacterial infection in the blood stream

Question 46

atelectasis

Answer 46

or collapsed lung, is
the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to
a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax

Question 47

pneumonia

Answer 47

serious inflammation of the lungs

Question 48

aspiration

Answer 48

means inhaling
or drawing a foreign substance into the upper
respiratory tract.

Question 49

anthrac

Answer 49

coal dust

Question 50

silic

Answer 50

glass

Question 51

Interstitial lung disease

Answer 51

refers to a
group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation
and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures.
Interstitial means relating to spaces within or around a
tissue or an organ. In these lung conditions the tissue
around the alveoli becomes scarred or stiff, leading to a
reduction of oxygen being transferred to the blood.

Question 52

fibrosis

Answer 52

is a condition in which normal tissue is replaced by

fibrotic (hardened) tissue.

Question 53

expectoration

Answer 53

is the act of
coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other
body fluid

Question 54

expector

Answer 54

cough up

Question 55

hemoptysis

Answer 55

is the expectoration of
blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs
or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or
bronchial hemorrhage

Question 56

-ptysis

Answer 56

spitting

Question 57

anoxia

Answer 57

is the absence of oxygen
from the body’s tissues and organs even though there
is an adequate flow of blood

Question 58

asphyxia

Answer 58

the loss of consciousness
that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen
it needs to function. Asphyxia can be caused by choking,
suffocation, drowning, or inhaling gases such as
carbon monoxide.

Question 59

capn

Answer 59

carbon dioxide

Question 60

tuss

Answer 60

cough

Question 61

stoma

Answer 61

surgically created opening on a body surface