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HOSA- Medical Terminology 2016 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bi-

A

twice, double, two

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2
Q

-cele

A

hernia, tumor, swelling

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3
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia, fibrous brand

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4
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous tissue, fibre

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5
Q

-ia (plural of ium)

A

abnormal condition or disease

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6
Q

kines/o or kinesi/o

A

movement

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7
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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8
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis, stroke

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9
Q

-rrhexis

A

rupture

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10
Q

tax/o

A

coordination, order

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11
Q

ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o

A

tendon
stretch out
extend
strain

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12
Q

ton/o

A

tone, stretching, tension

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13
Q

tri

A

three

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14
Q

Fascia

A

is a band of connective tissue that
envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups
of muscles (plural, fasciae or fascias). Fascia is flexible to
allow muscle movements.

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15
Q

Tendon

A

is a narrow band of nonelastic, dense,
fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a
bone. Do not confuse tendons with ligaments, which
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting
one bone to another bone

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16
Q

Patellar tendon

A

attaches muscles to

the bottom of the patella

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17
Q

Achilles tendon

A

attaches the gastrocnemius muscle (the major

muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone

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18
Q

Aponeurosis

A

a sheet-like fibrous connective tissue,
which resembles a flattened tendon that serves as a fascia
to bind muscles together or as a means of connecting
muscle to bone (plural, aponeuroses).

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19
Q

skeletal muscle

A

are attached to the bones of
the skeleton and make body motions possiblealso known as voluntary muscles
because we have conscious (voluntary) control over
these muscles.
n Skeletal muscles are also known as striated muscles
because under a microscope, the dark and light bands
in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance.

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20
Q

smooth muscle

A

are located in the walls of internal
organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and
ducts leading from gland
Their function
is to move and control the flow of fluids through these
structures.
n Smooth muscles are also known as involuntary muscles
because they are under the control of the autonomic
nervous system and are not under voluntary
controSmooth muscles are also known as unstriated
muscles. This is because they do not have the dark
and light bands that produce the striped appearance
seen in striated muscles.
n Smooth muscles are also known as visceral muscles
because they are found in hollow structures such as
those of the digestive and urinary systems. Visceral
means relating to the internal organs. These muscles
are found in large internal organs, with the exception
of the heart

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21
Q

Myocardial muscle

A

Myocardial muscle is like striated skeletal muscle in
appearance, but is similar to smooth muscle in that its
action is involuntary. It is the constant contraction and
relaxation of the myocardial muscle that causes the heartbeat

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22
Q

muscle innervation

A

is the stimulation of
a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.
Motor nerves enable the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract.
When the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes. This
information controls the body’s voluntary muscular contractions

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23
Q

antagonistic

A

refers to working in opposition to each

othe

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24
Q

contraction

A

tightening of a muscleit becomes shorter and thicker,

causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge

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25
Q

relaxation

A

occurs when a muscle returns to its original
form. As the muscle relaxes, it becomes longer and
thinner, and the belly is no longer enlarged.

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26
Q

Abduction

A

is the movement of a limb

(arm or leg) away from the midline of the body

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27
Q

Abductor

A

is a muscle that

moves a body part away from the midline.

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28
Q

Adduction

A

is the movement
of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the
body

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29
Q

Adductor

A

is a muscle that

moves a body part toward the midline

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30
Q

Elevation

A

is the act of raising or lifting a body part. For
example, the elevation of the levator anguli oris muscles
of the face raises the corners of the mouth into a smile

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31
Q

Levator

A

muscle that raises a body part

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32
Q

Depression

A

act of lowering a body partThe depressor anguli oris, for example, lowers the
corner of the mouth into a frown

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33
Q

Depressor

A

muscle that lowers a body part

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34
Q

Rotation

A

is a circular movement around an axis such as

the shoulder joint

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35
Q

Axis

A

is an imaginary line that runs
lengthwise through the center of the body, and rotation
turns a bone on its own axis

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36
Q

Circumduction

A

is
the circular movement at the far end of a limb. An example
of circumduction is the swinging motion of the far
end of the arm

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37
Q

Rotator muscle

A

turns a body part on its axis. For
example, the head of the humerus (HYUM-er-us),
which is the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the
shoulder joint.

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38
Q

Rotator cuff

A

is the group of muscles and their
tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely
in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint

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39
Q

Supination

A

is the act of rotating the
arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the
foot is turned forward or upward. An easy way to remember
this is to think of carrying a bowl of soup

40
Q

Pronation

A

is the act of
rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand
or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

41
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

is the movement
that bends the foot upward at the ankle. Pointing the
toes and foot upward decreases the angle between the
top of the foot and the front of the leg

42
Q

Plantar flexion

A

is
the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle.
Plantar means pertaining to the sole of the foot. Pointing
the toes and foot downward increases the angle between
the top of the foot and the front of the leg

43
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

44
Q

superficial muscles

A

located near the surface under skin

45
Q

origin

A

is where the muscle begins, and it is
located nearest the midline of the body or on a less
movable part of the skeleton. The origin is the less
moveable attachment.

46
Q

Insertion

A

is where the muscle ends by
attaching to a bone or tendon. In contrast to the
origin, the insertion is the more movable attachment,
and it is the farthest point from the midline of
the body.

47
Q

stern/o

A

breast bone

48
Q

cleid/o

A

collar bone

49
Q

mastoid muscle

A

The mastoid muscle inserts at
one point of insertion into the mastoid process. (This
is part of the temporal bone that is located just behind
the ear).

50
Q

carpi

A

wrist or wrist bones

51
Q

pectoral

A

relating to chest

52
Q

Lateralis

A

means toward the side. For example: the
vastus lateralis (lat-er-AY-lis) is a muscle toward the
outer side of the leg.

53
Q

Medialis

A

means toward the midline. The vastus
medialis (mee-dee-AY-lis) is a muscle toward the
midline of the leg. These muscles are part of the
quadriceps that flex and extend the leg at the knee.

54
Q

oblique

A

means slanted or at an angle. As
an example, the external oblique and internal oblique
muscles have a slanted alignment.

55
Q

rectus

A

means in straight alignment with
the vertical axis of the body. As an example, the rectus
abdominis and rectus femorus

56
Q

sphincter

A

is a ring-like muscle that
tightly constricts the opening of a passageway. A
sphincter is named for the passage involved. As an
example, the anal sphincter closes the anus.

57
Q

transverse

A

means in a crosswise
direction. An example is the transverse abdominis
muscle in the abdomen, which has a crosswise
alignment.

58
Q

-ceps

A

head

59
Q

deltoid muscle

A

located on the shoulder, is shaped
like an inverted triangle, which is the Greek letter
delta.

60
Q

Hamstring group

A

located at the back of the
upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: the
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
muscles. The primary functions of the hamstrings are
knee flexion and hip extension

61
Q

Frontalis

A

or occipitofrontalis, muscle

is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows.

62
Q

temporalis

A

muscle moves the

lower jaw up and back to close the mouth.

63
Q

Masseter

A

muscle, which is one of
the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to
close the mouth when chewing.

64
Q

patella

A

kneecap

65
Q

duct-

A

lead

66
Q

-ion

A

action

67
Q

flexion

A

means decreasing the angle

between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

68
Q

flex-

A

bend

69
Q

tens

A

stretch out

70
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous tissue

71
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

72
Q

-penia

A

defficiency

73
Q

ton

A

tone

74
Q

atonic

A

lacking muscle tone or strength

75
Q

dystonia

A

is a condition of abnormal
muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary
muscle movement

76
Q

adhesion

A

is a band of fibrous tissue
that holds structures together abnormally. Adhesions
can form in muscles or in internal organs, as the result
of an injury or surgery. The term frozen shoulder
refers to adhesions forming in the capsule of connective
tissue in the shoulder, tightening around the
shoulder joint

77
Q

atrophy

A

means weakness or wearing
away of body tissues and structures. Atrophy of a
muscle or muscles can be caused by pathology or by
disuse of the muscle over a long period of time

78
Q

tax

A

coordination

79
Q

ataxia

A

is the lack of muscle coordination

during voluntary movemen

80
Q

-cele

A

hernia

81
Q

contracture

A

is the permanent
tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or
skin that occurs when normally elastic connective
tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues.
The most common causes of contractures are scarring
or the lack of use due to immobilization or
inactivity.
110 CHAPTER 4

82
Q

=asthenia

A

weakness, lack of strength

83
Q

spasm

A

involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

84
Q

cramp

A

painful localized muscle spasms

85
Q

clon

A

violent action

86
Q

myoclonus

A

is the sudden, involuntary

jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

87
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular
junction (where the neuron activates muscle
to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary
muscles. Muscles that control eye movement, facial
expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often
affected by this condition.

88
Q

condyle

A

to the round prominence at the end of

a bone

89
Q

epicondylitis

A

is inflammation

of the tissues surrounding the elbow

90
Q

ganglion cyst

A

is a harmless fluidfilled
swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer
surface of the wrist. This condition, which can be caused
by repeated minor injuries, is usually painless and does
not require treatment. (Do not confuse this use of the
term ganglion here with the nerve ganglions described

91
Q

sprain

A

injury to the joint

92
Q

strain

A

is an injury to the body of the muscle or to the
attachment of a tendon. Strains usually are associated
with overuse injuries that involve a stretched or torn
muscle or tendon attachment.

93
Q

-paresis

A

partial or incomplete paralysis

94
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

95
Q

Impingement syndrome

A

occurs when
inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow
space between the bones within the shoulder joint. A
common sign of impingement syndrome is discomfort
when raising your arm above your head.

96
Q

hemiplegia

A

is total paralysis

affecting only one side of the bod

97
Q

hemi-

A

half

HOSA- Medical Terminology 2016 (14 decks)

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