Chapter 4 Flashcards
bi-
twice, double, two
-cele
hernia, tumor, swelling
fasci/o
fascia, fibrous brand
fibr/o
fibrous tissue, fibre
-ia (plural of ium)
abnormal condition or disease
kines/o or kinesi/o
movement
my/o
muscle
-plegia
paralysis, stroke
-rrhexis
rupture
tax/o
coordination, order
ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o
tendon
stretch out
extend
strain
ton/o
tone, stretching, tension
tri
three
Fascia
is a band of connective tissue that
envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups
of muscles (plural, fasciae or fascias). Fascia is flexible to
allow muscle movements.
Tendon
is a narrow band of nonelastic, dense,
fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a
bone. Do not confuse tendons with ligaments, which
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting
one bone to another bone
Patellar tendon
attaches muscles to
the bottom of the patella
Achilles tendon
attaches the gastrocnemius muscle (the major
muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone
Aponeurosis
a sheet-like fibrous connective tissue,
which resembles a flattened tendon that serves as a fascia
to bind muscles together or as a means of connecting
muscle to bone (plural, aponeuroses).
skeletal muscle
are attached to the bones of
the skeleton and make body motions possiblealso known as voluntary muscles
because we have conscious (voluntary) control over
these muscles.
n Skeletal muscles are also known as striated muscles
because under a microscope, the dark and light bands
in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance.
smooth muscle
are located in the walls of internal
organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and
ducts leading from gland
Their function
is to move and control the flow of fluids through these
structures.
n Smooth muscles are also known as involuntary muscles
because they are under the control of the autonomic
nervous system and are not under voluntary
controSmooth muscles are also known as unstriated
muscles. This is because they do not have the dark
and light bands that produce the striped appearance
seen in striated muscles.
n Smooth muscles are also known as visceral muscles
because they are found in hollow structures such as
those of the digestive and urinary systems. Visceral
means relating to the internal organs. These muscles
are found in large internal organs, with the exception
of the heart
Myocardial muscle
Myocardial muscle is like striated skeletal muscle in
appearance, but is similar to smooth muscle in that its
action is involuntary. It is the constant contraction and
relaxation of the myocardial muscle that causes the heartbeat
muscle innervation
is the stimulation of
a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.
Motor nerves enable the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract.
When the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes. This
information controls the body’s voluntary muscular contractions
antagonistic
refers to working in opposition to each
othe
contraction
tightening of a muscleit becomes shorter and thicker,
causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge
relaxation
occurs when a muscle returns to its original
form. As the muscle relaxes, it becomes longer and
thinner, and the belly is no longer enlarged.
Abduction
is the movement of a limb
(arm or leg) away from the midline of the body
Abductor
is a muscle that
moves a body part away from the midline.
Adduction
is the movement
of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the
body
Adductor
is a muscle that
moves a body part toward the midline
Elevation
is the act of raising or lifting a body part. For
example, the elevation of the levator anguli oris muscles
of the face raises the corners of the mouth into a smile
Levator
muscle that raises a body part
Depression
act of lowering a body partThe depressor anguli oris, for example, lowers the
corner of the mouth into a frown
Depressor
muscle that lowers a body part
Rotation
is a circular movement around an axis such as
the shoulder joint
Axis
is an imaginary line that runs
lengthwise through the center of the body, and rotation
turns a bone on its own axis
Circumduction
is
the circular movement at the far end of a limb. An example
of circumduction is the swinging motion of the far
end of the arm
Rotator muscle
turns a body part on its axis. For
example, the head of the humerus (HYUM-er-us),
which is the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the
shoulder joint.
Rotator cuff
is the group of muscles and their
tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely
in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint
Supination
is the act of rotating the
arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the
foot is turned forward or upward. An easy way to remember
this is to think of carrying a bowl of soup
Pronation
is the act of
rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand
or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
Dorsiflexion
is the movement
that bends the foot upward at the ankle. Pointing the
toes and foot upward decreases the angle between the
top of the foot and the front of the leg
Plantar flexion
is
the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle.
Plantar means pertaining to the sole of the foot. Pointing
the toes and foot downward increases the angle between
the top of the foot and the front of the leg
plantar
sole of foot
superficial muscles
located near the surface under skin
origin
is where the muscle begins, and it is
located nearest the midline of the body or on a less
movable part of the skeleton. The origin is the less
moveable attachment.
Insertion
is where the muscle ends by
attaching to a bone or tendon. In contrast to the
origin, the insertion is the more movable attachment,
and it is the farthest point from the midline of
the body.
stern/o
breast bone
cleid/o
collar bone
mastoid muscle
The mastoid muscle inserts at
one point of insertion into the mastoid process. (This
is part of the temporal bone that is located just behind
the ear).
carpi
wrist or wrist bones
pectoral
relating to chest
Lateralis
means toward the side. For example: the
vastus lateralis (lat-er-AY-lis) is a muscle toward the
outer side of the leg.
Medialis
means toward the midline. The vastus
medialis (mee-dee-AY-lis) is a muscle toward the
midline of the leg. These muscles are part of the
quadriceps that flex and extend the leg at the knee.
oblique
means slanted or at an angle. As
an example, the external oblique and internal oblique
muscles have a slanted alignment.
rectus
means in straight alignment with
the vertical axis of the body. As an example, the rectus
abdominis and rectus femorus
sphincter
is a ring-like muscle that
tightly constricts the opening of a passageway. A
sphincter is named for the passage involved. As an
example, the anal sphincter closes the anus.
transverse
means in a crosswise
direction. An example is the transverse abdominis
muscle in the abdomen, which has a crosswise
alignment.
-ceps
head
deltoid muscle
located on the shoulder, is shaped
like an inverted triangle, which is the Greek letter
delta.
Hamstring group
located at the back of the
upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: the
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
muscles. The primary functions of the hamstrings are
knee flexion and hip extension
Frontalis
or occipitofrontalis, muscle
is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows.
temporalis
muscle moves the
lower jaw up and back to close the mouth.
Masseter
muscle, which is one of
the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to
close the mouth when chewing.
patella
kneecap
duct-
lead
-ion
action
flexion
means decreasing the angle
between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
flex-
bend
tens
stretch out
fibr/o
fibrous tissue
sarc/o
flesh
-penia
defficiency
ton
tone
atonic
lacking muscle tone or strength
dystonia
is a condition of abnormal
muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary
muscle movement
adhesion
is a band of fibrous tissue
that holds structures together abnormally. Adhesions
can form in muscles or in internal organs, as the result
of an injury or surgery. The term frozen shoulder
refers to adhesions forming in the capsule of connective
tissue in the shoulder, tightening around the
shoulder joint
atrophy
means weakness or wearing
away of body tissues and structures. Atrophy of a
muscle or muscles can be caused by pathology or by
disuse of the muscle over a long period of time
tax
coordination
ataxia
is the lack of muscle coordination
during voluntary movemen
-cele
hernia
contracture
is the permanent
tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or
skin that occurs when normally elastic connective
tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues.
The most common causes of contractures are scarring
or the lack of use due to immobilization or
inactivity.
110 CHAPTER 4
=asthenia
weakness, lack of strength
spasm
involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
cramp
painful localized muscle spasms
clon
violent action
myoclonus
is the sudden, involuntary
jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
myasthenia gravis
is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular
junction (where the neuron activates muscle
to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary
muscles. Muscles that control eye movement, facial
expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often
affected by this condition.
condyle
to the round prominence at the end of
a bone
epicondylitis
is inflammation
of the tissues surrounding the elbow
ganglion cyst
is a harmless fluidfilled
swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer
surface of the wrist. This condition, which can be caused
by repeated minor injuries, is usually painless and does
not require treatment. (Do not confuse this use of the
term ganglion here with the nerve ganglions described
sprain
injury to the joint
strain
is an injury to the body of the muscle or to the
attachment of a tendon. Strains usually are associated
with overuse injuries that involve a stretched or torn
muscle or tendon attachment.
-paresis
partial or incomplete paralysis
-plegia
paralysis
Impingement syndrome
occurs when
inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow
space between the bones within the shoulder joint. A
common sign of impingement syndrome is discomfort
when raising your arm above your head.
hemiplegia
is total paralysis
affecting only one side of the bod
hemi-
half
