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Biol 1000 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent. no gametes

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2
Q

Cell divisions results in a whole new..

A

single celled organism

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3
Q

Single celled organisms reproduce ..

A

asexually

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4
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

fertilization of gametes resulting in offspring not identical to parents but contributes to genetic diversity

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

cell divides produces gametes

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

cell divine enables sexually reproducing individuals to grow from a single fertilized egg

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7
Q

Binary fission

A

two identical cells arise from one cell dividing in half

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8
Q

Steps in binary fission

A
  • chromosome duplicates
  • cell elongates, chromosomal copies separate fourth
  • plasma membrane grows inward at the midpoint to divide the cells
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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells are composed of..

A

chromatin

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

dna and protiens

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11
Q

Each chromosome appears as..

A

two sister chromatids, containing identical DNA molecules

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12
Q

Centromere

A

sister chromatids joined at this narrow region

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13
Q

1 human has __ chromosomes

A

46

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14
Q

2 stages of the cell cycle

A

inter phase and mitotic phase

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15
Q

Interphase

A

duplication of cell contents

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16
Q

3 phases of interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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17
Q

G1 phase

A

growth increase in cytoplasm

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18
Q

G2 phase

A

growth, preparation for division

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19
Q

S phase

A

duplication of chromosomes

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20
Q

Mitotic phase

21
Q

2 phases of mitotic phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

22
Q

Mitosis

A

division of the nucleus

23
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm

24
Q

5 stages of mitosis

A
  • prophase
  • prometaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
25
Q

Cytokinesis often over laps…

26
Q

What occurs in interphase

A

cytoplasmic contents double, 2 centrosomes form, chromosomes duplicate in the nucleus during S phase, nucleoli sites ribosomes assemble

27
Q

What occurs in the cytoplasm in prophase

A

microtubules begin to emerge from centrosome foreign the mitotic spindle

28
Q

What occurs in the nucleus

A

chromosomes coil and become compact and nucleoli disappear

29
Q

What occurs in prometaphase

A

mitotic spindles from each pole attach to each sister chromatid pair, chromosomes moved to centre of cell and nuclear membrane breaks down

30
Q

What occurs in metaphase

A

mitotic spindle fully formed, the chromosomes align at cell equator, kinetochores of sister chromatids are facing opposite poles of the spindle

31
Q

What occurs in anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart, daughter chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of cell and the cell elongates

32
Q

What occurs in telophase

A

the cell continues to elongate , the nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each pole (establishing each daughter cell), the chromatin uncoils and nucleoli reappear, spindle disappear

33
Q

Cleavage furrow forms from..

A

contracting ring of microtubules interacting w/ myosin

34
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

depends to separate contents into two cells

35
Q

cell cycle control system

A

set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

36
Q

Check points in the cell cycle are

37
Q

Benign tumours

A

remain at original site

38
Q

Malignant tumours

A

spread to other tissues

39
Q

Carcinomas arise from

A

internal/external body coverings (ducts)

40
Q

Sarcomas arise from

A

supportive/connective tissue (bone)

41
Q

Locus/loci

A

position of gene

42
Q

Meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes separate

43
Q

Meiosis 11

A

sister chromatids separate

44
Q

Tetrad

A

4 chromatids

45
Q

Crossing over occurs in..

A

Prophase 1

46
Q

3 processes create new combinations of genetic info

A
  • independent orientation
  • random fertilization
  • crossing over
47
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis

48
Q

Rearrangements in chromosomes may include

A
  • deletion
  • duplication
  • inversion
  • transloaction

Biol 1000 (15 decks)

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