Chapter 6 Flashcards
Cellular respiration
uses O2 to extracts NRG from glucose with CO2 as waste product. Exergonic process that tranfers NRG from bonds in glucose to for ATP
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are…
complementary
Oxygen has a strong tendency to..
attract electrons
Electrons lose _____ when it falls to oxygen
potential energy
Oxidation reduction reaction
movement of electrons from one molecule to another. also known as redox reaction
3 steps of cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
- oxidative
Glycolysis occurs in the..
cytoplasm
Oxidation
loss of electrons from one substance
Reduction
addition of electrons to another substance
Citric acid cycle
oxidizes pyruvate to a 2 carbon compound. supplies third stage w/ electrons
Citric acid cycle takes place in…
mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation
shuttles these electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation involves..
chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
Single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps
Chemical break down of glycolysis
6 carbon glucose breaks down to 2 ATP, 2 3C pyruvate, and 2 NADH
ATP is formed in glycolysis by..
substrate-level phosphorylation
Intermediates
Compounds that for between initial reactant glucose and final product pyruvate
2 main phases of glycolysis
- steps 1-4: NRG investment
- steps 5-9 NRG pay off
In NRG investment phase..
NRG is consumed as 2 ATP molecules are used to energize glucose molecules
NADH
high NRG electrons, lower affinity
NADH and FADH2 are..
co enzymes, carry electrons, they are mobile and remove hydrogen
In citric acid cycle, 2 molecules of ____ for each initial ____
acetyl CoA; glucose
After 2 turns of the citric acid cycle the overall yield per glucose molecule is..
- 2 ATP
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH2
ATP synthase
control movement of electrons back down the matrix slowly
3 categories of cellular poisons
- block ETC (cynanide)
- inhibit ATP synthesis (oligomycin)
- uncouplers (make membrane leaky to H, dinitrophenol)
Brown fat
SPeical type of tissue associated w/ the generation of heat and more abundant hibernating mammal and newborn infant
Fermentation
way of harvesting chemical NRG that does not require oxygen. takes advantage of glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation
muscle cells and certain bacteria can oxidize NADH
Alchohol fermentation
yeast oxidizes NADH back to NAD+ and convert pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol
Obligate anaerobes
poisoned by oxygen
Facultative anaerobes..
make ATP by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation depending on availability of O2
ATP is generated using..
fat, proteins, and carbohydrates
Fats have..
many NRG rich H in hydrocarbon tail
Fat is converted into a ______ in glycolysis and acetyl CoA
intermediate
Fat yields..
more than twice as much ATP per gram than carbohydrate or proteins
Proteins burned for fuel..
last
Amino acids converted into intermediates in ________ or ________
glycolysis; citric acid cycle