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Biol 1000 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Biotechnology

A

manipulation of organisms of their components to make useful products

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2
Q

Biotechnology in modern terms

A

DNA technology

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3
Q

DNA technology

A

modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulation genetic material

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4
Q

DNA technology modifies ___ ____ and moves ___ between different _____

A

specific genes; genes; organisms

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5
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

combine nucleotides sequence from 2 different courses to make a single DNA molecule

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6
Q

Recombinant DNA is often combining

A

2 genes from diff species

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7
Q

Methods for making recombinant DNA spurred modern biotechnology

A
  • genetic engineering

- gene cloning

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8
Q

Genetic engineering

A

uses recombinant DNA technology, direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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9
Q

Gene cloning

A

production of multiple identical copies of a gene carrying piece of DNA

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10
Q

Organisms with recombinant DNA mass produce a..

A

a variety of useful products using gene cloning via genetic engineering

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11
Q

Plasmids serve as

A

vectors for gene of interest

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12
Q

Bacterial plasmids

A

small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from larger bacterial chromosomes

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13
Q

Enzymes cut out gene of interest and insert into plasmid =

A

recombinant DNA

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14
Q

Recombinant bacteria reproduce =

A

gene cloning

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15
Q

To make recombinant DNA

A
  • same restriction enzymes cut bacterial DNA and gene of interest from diff source
  • DNA ligase pastes gene into vector
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16
Q

Restriction enzymes are specific to

A

nucleotide sequence

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17
Q

Cuts in making recombinant DNA are

A

uneven to make sticky ends, identical for plasmid and gene

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18
Q

Genes for cloning made from mRNA through

A

reverse transcription

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19
Q

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

shorter than gene, no introns. can be derived from specialized cells or from cells at diff times

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20
Q

Genetic engineering produces

A

recombinant cells and organisms

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21
Q

Bacteria are best for manufacturing proteins because

A

grown rapidly and cheaply, plasmids and shares for gene cloning vectors

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22
Q

Mammal cells manufacture

A

glycoproteins

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23
Q

Eukaryotic cells may manufacture

A

proteins

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24
Q

Recombinant animals

A
  • difficult and costly to produce

- must be cloned to produce more animals with same traits

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25
Q

DNA technology that are already in use

A
  • therapeutic hormones

- diagnosis and treat of disease

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26
Q

Therapeutic hormones that are the product of DNA technology

A

insulin and human growth hormone

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27
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of disease as products of DNA technology

A
  • test for inherited diseases -detect infectious agents such as HIV
  • produce vaccines, harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogen for immune system
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28
Q

Advantages of recombinant DNA products

A
  • identity to human protein
  • purity
  • quantity
29
Q

Genetically modified organism

A

contains one or more genes introduced by artificial means

30
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

contain at least one gene from another species

31
Q

Most common vector used to induce new genes into plant cells is

A

Ti plasmid

32
Q

GM plants produced 3 things

A
  • resistant to herbicides
  • resistant to pests
  • improved nutritiona
33
Q

GM animals produces

A

with improved nutritional or other qualities (large sheep faster)

34
Q

Concerns related to GM organisms include

A
  • introduction of allergens into good supply

- spread of genes to closely related organisms

35
Q

Regulatory agencies are trying to address the..

A
  • safety of GM products
  • labeling of GM produced foods
  • safe use of biotechnology
36
Q

Gene therapy

A

alteration of an afflicted individual’s gene for therapeutic purposes

37
Q

In gene therapy the defective gene is

A

replaced with normal allele, must multiply through body to be permanent

38
Q

Gene therapy procedure

A
  • normal allele cloned
  • using virus vectors, new allele inserted into engineered cells
  • engineered cells injected into patients bone marrow
39
Q

DNA profiling

A

analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they ca,e from same individual

40
Q

DNA profiling used to compare

A
  • genetic markers

- sequences of genome

41
Q

Amplified DNA sequences =

A

make large quantities of DNA sequence

42
Q

2 steps to amplify DNA sequences

A
  • clone DNA in host cells

- use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method when source is impure/scant

43
Q

Repeated cycle of steps for PCR

A
  • sample is heated to separate DNA strands
  • sample is cooled and primer binds to specific target sequence
  • target sequence is copied with heat stake DNA polymerase
44
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

sorts DNA fragments by size

45
Q

DNA profiling compares

A

genetic markers between 2 or more DNA samples

46
Q

Repetitive DNA

A

consists of nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome

47
Q

Short tandem repeats (STRs)

A

short nucleotide sequences that are repeated in tandem

48
Q

STR analysis compares

A

length of STR at multiple sites

49
Q

STR analysis contain _ to __ nucleotide repeats

A

3- 50

50
Q

Current standard for DNA profiling is to..

A

analyze and compare the lengths of 13 diff STR sites

51
Q

Less than _ in _ _____ chance that2 unrelated individuals share the same profile for the 13 standard STR loci

A

1; 10 billion

52
Q

CODIS stands for

A

combined DNA index system

53
Q

Genome

A

complete set of genes of an organism

54
Q

Genomics

A

scientific study of a complete set of genes and their interactions

55
Q

Comparative analysis of genomes shows

A

evolutionary relationships between organisms

56
Q

Human genome project

A

international collaboration that determined 99% of human genome

57
Q

Only ___ % of human genome codes for genes

A

1.5

58
Q

__% non coding DNA

A

98.5

59
Q

__% of noncoding DNA is introns

A

25

60
Q

__% of noncoding DNA is viral origin

A

8

61
Q

Repetitive DNA

A

telomeres, STRs, transposable elements

62
Q

Proteomics

A

scientific study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes

63
Q

Proteomics understands

A

protein functions and interactions in cells and organisms

64
Q

_____ proteins vs. _____ genes in humans

A

100,000; 21,000

65
Q

Biologists compile complete..

A

catalogues of gene and proteins

66
Q

Genomes of chimps and humans are __% similar

A

96

67
Q

Differences in genes of us and chimps is

A

defence of disease, brain size and speech

68
Q

Neanderthals

A

close human relatives but spirit species, had FOXP@ gene, were lactose intolerant and interbred w/ homo sapiens

Biol 1000 (15 decks)

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