Chapter 12 Flashcards
Biotechnology
manipulation of organisms of their components to make useful products
Biotechnology in modern terms
DNA technology
DNA technology
modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulation genetic material
DNA technology modifies ___ ____ and moves ___ between different _____
specific genes; genes; organisms
Recombinant DNA
combine nucleotides sequence from 2 different courses to make a single DNA molecule
Recombinant DNA is often combining
2 genes from diff species
Methods for making recombinant DNA spurred modern biotechnology
- genetic engineering
- gene cloning
Genetic engineering
uses recombinant DNA technology, direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Gene cloning
production of multiple identical copies of a gene carrying piece of DNA
Organisms with recombinant DNA mass produce a..
a variety of useful products using gene cloning via genetic engineering
Plasmids serve as
vectors for gene of interest
Bacterial plasmids
small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from larger bacterial chromosomes
Enzymes cut out gene of interest and insert into plasmid =
recombinant DNA
Recombinant bacteria reproduce =
gene cloning
To make recombinant DNA
- same restriction enzymes cut bacterial DNA and gene of interest from diff source
- DNA ligase pastes gene into vector
Restriction enzymes are specific to
nucleotide sequence
Cuts in making recombinant DNA are
uneven to make sticky ends, identical for plasmid and gene
Genes for cloning made from mRNA through
reverse transcription
Complementary DNA (cDNA)
shorter than gene, no introns. can be derived from specialized cells or from cells at diff times
Genetic engineering produces
recombinant cells and organisms
Bacteria are best for manufacturing proteins because
grown rapidly and cheaply, plasmids and shares for gene cloning vectors
Mammal cells manufacture
glycoproteins
Eukaryotic cells may manufacture
proteins
Recombinant animals
- difficult and costly to produce
- must be cloned to produce more animals with same traits
DNA technology that are already in use
- therapeutic hormones
- diagnosis and treat of disease
Therapeutic hormones that are the product of DNA technology
insulin and human growth hormone
Diagnosis and treatment of disease as products of DNA technology
- test for inherited diseases -detect infectious agents such as HIV
- produce vaccines, harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogen for immune system
Advantages of recombinant DNA products
- identity to human protein
- purity
- quantity
Genetically modified organism
contains one or more genes introduced by artificial means
Transgenic organisms
contain at least one gene from another species
Most common vector used to induce new genes into plant cells is
Ti plasmid
GM plants produced 3 things
- resistant to herbicides
- resistant to pests
- improved nutritiona
GM animals produces
with improved nutritional or other qualities (large sheep faster)
Concerns related to GM organisms include
- introduction of allergens into good supply
- spread of genes to closely related organisms
Regulatory agencies are trying to address the..
- safety of GM products
- labeling of GM produced foods
- safe use of biotechnology
Gene therapy
alteration of an afflicted individual’s gene for therapeutic purposes
In gene therapy the defective gene is
replaced with normal allele, must multiply through body to be permanent
Gene therapy procedure
- normal allele cloned
- using virus vectors, new allele inserted into engineered cells
- engineered cells injected into patients bone marrow
DNA profiling
analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they ca,e from same individual
DNA profiling used to compare
- genetic markers
- sequences of genome
Amplified DNA sequences =
make large quantities of DNA sequence
2 steps to amplify DNA sequences
- clone DNA in host cells
- use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method when source is impure/scant
Repeated cycle of steps for PCR
- sample is heated to separate DNA strands
- sample is cooled and primer binds to specific target sequence
- target sequence is copied with heat stake DNA polymerase
Gel electrophoresis
sorts DNA fragments by size
DNA profiling compares
genetic markers between 2 or more DNA samples
Repetitive DNA
consists of nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome
Short tandem repeats (STRs)
short nucleotide sequences that are repeated in tandem
STR analysis compares
length of STR at multiple sites
STR analysis contain _ to __ nucleotide repeats
3- 50
Current standard for DNA profiling is to..
analyze and compare the lengths of 13 diff STR sites
Less than _ in _ _____ chance that2 unrelated individuals share the same profile for the 13 standard STR loci
1; 10 billion
CODIS stands for
combined DNA index system
Genome
complete set of genes of an organism
Genomics
scientific study of a complete set of genes and their interactions
Comparative analysis of genomes shows
evolutionary relationships between organisms
Human genome project
international collaboration that determined 99% of human genome
Only ___ % of human genome codes for genes
1.5
__% non coding DNA
98.5
__% of noncoding DNA is introns
25
__% of noncoding DNA is viral origin
8
Repetitive DNA
telomeres, STRs, transposable elements
Proteomics
scientific study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes
Proteomics understands
protein functions and interactions in cells and organisms
_____ proteins vs. _____ genes in humans
100,000; 21,000
Biologists compile complete..
catalogues of gene and proteins
Genomes of chimps and humans are __% similar
96
Differences in genes of us and chimps is
defence of disease, brain size and speech
Neanderthals
close human relatives but spirit species, had FOXP@ gene, were lactose intolerant and interbred w/ homo sapiens
