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Biol 1000 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species living the same area and interbreeding

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2
Q

Gene pool

A

total collection of genes in a population at any one time

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3
Q

Change in relative frequencies of alleles in a population over generations =

A

evolution

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4
Q

____ _____ is the basis of evolution

A

genetic variation

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5
Q

Mendel discovered the

A

heredity processes required for natural selection

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6
Q

What increase genetic variation in a population

A

mutations and sexual reproduction

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7
Q

Many characters result from..

A

the combined effect of several genes

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8
Q

Not all variation in populations is..

A

heritable

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9
Q

Mutation

A

random change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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10
Q

Duplication of genes or small pieces of DNA by meiosis may lead to

A

new genes

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11
Q

Mutations rarely _____ the adaptation of an individual to its environment

A

improve

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12
Q

Only mutations in ___ can be inherited by offspring

A

gametes

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13
Q

Mutations in multicellular organisms..

A

do not significantly affect genetic variation

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14
Q

Mutations is prokaryoytes quickly generate

A

genetic variation

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15
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

most genetic variation results from unique combination of alleles each individual inherits

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16
Q

Gametes of same individual vary significantly in

A

genetic make up

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17
Q

Mircoevolution

A

genetic change in a population over time

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18
Q

Individuels dont evolve..

A

populations evolve over generations

19
Q

Mutations are the origin of all new…

A

genes and alleles

20
Q

3 main causes of evolutionary change are

A
  • natural selection
  • genetic drift
  • gene flow
21
Q

Natural selection

A

if individuals differ ion their survival reproductive success, natural selection will alter allele frequencies

22
Q

Genetic drift

A

a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

23
Q

In small population chance event may lead to..

A

l.oss of genetic diversity

24
Q

Bottleneck effect leads to a

A

a loss of genetic diversity when a population is greatly reduced

25
Q

Founder effect

A

when a few individuals colonize a new habitat, results in genetic drift

26
Q

Gene flow

A

population may gain of lose alleles when fertile individuals move in/out of population

27
Q

Gene flow can alter

A

frequencies in a population

28
Q

Natural selection is a blend of

A

chance and sorting

29
Q

Because of sorting only natural selection consistently lead to..

A

adaptive evolution

30
Q

Relative fitness

A

contribution it makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other individuals

31
Q

The fittest individuals are those that

A
  • produce the largest number of viable, fertile offspring

- pass on the most genes to the next generation

32
Q

Natural selection can alter the _____ of phenotypes in a population

A

distribution

33
Q

Relative fitness of organisms varies and may alter the

A

distribution and frequency of phenotypes in the next generation

34
Q

Natural selection can affect the striation of phenotypes in a population in 3 ways

A
  • stabilizing selection
  • directional selection
  • disruptive selection
35
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

favours intermediate phenotypes accoutring against extreme phenotypes

36
Q

Directional selection

A

acts against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes

37
Q

Disruptive selection

A

favours individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

38
Q

Sexual selection

A

form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely than others to obtain mate

39
Q

Some traits may not seem adaptive but if they increase ability to find mate…

A

the trait will be reinforced over generations

40
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

males and females show distinctly different appearance

41
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

sexual selection between same sex (often contest of physical combat)

42
Q

Inter sexual selection

A

sexual selection between sexes, one sex is choosy in selecting mates

43
Q

“Good genes” hypothesis

A

females are choosy in mate selection belays they prefer male traits that are correlated with “good genes”

44
Q

Why organisms aren’t perfectly “engineered” for their environment

A
  • selection can only act on existing variations
  • evolution is limited by historical constraints
  • adaptations are often comprises
  • chance, natural selection, and environment interact

Biol 1000 (15 decks)

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